It is the theory that all our actions are motivated by self-interest.
The view is endorsed by philosophers such as Tomas Hobbes and Friedrich Nietzsche.

Psychological egoism

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A self-interested action is one that is motivated to serve your own interest. You drink water because you have an interest in quenching your own thirst. You show up for work because you have an interest in being paid.
Psychological egoists think they can explain actions that do not seem self-interested. A motorist who stops to help someone who has broken down may believe that they too may need help one day.

The self-interested action

The most obvious objection to psychological egoism is that there are numerous clear examples of people putting others' interests before their own. 
Although psychological egoists think they can explain seemingly virtuous actions, their theory rests on a false account of human motivation. The fact that someone feels virtuous after performing a good deed may be true, but it is often just a side effect of their action. They didn't necessarily do it in order to get those feelings.

Objections to psychological egoism

<ul>
<li>A selfish action sacrifices someone else's interests for their own. For example, grabbing the last slice of cake.</li>
<li>An unselfish action is where you place another person's interests ahead of your own. For example, you offer someone the last piece of cake, even though you'd like it for yourself. If you get satisfaction out of helping others, that sort of desire is unselfish.</li>
</ul>

Selfish vs. selfless action

<ul>
<li>It satisfies our preference for simplicity. In science, we favour theories that explain several phenomena by showing them to all be controlled by the same force. Newton's theory of gravity gives one principle to explain a falling apple.</li>
<li>It offers a seemingly cynical view of human nature. It appeals to our concern not to be naive.</li>
</ul>
To the critics, the theory is too simple. Being hard-headed is not a virtue if it means ignoring contrary evidence. Most of us have a natural concern for others, perhaps because we are social beings by nature.

Why psychological egoism is appealing

<figure><img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/BsmDuFBzR54saKZ_4Z2tWWMCf8M=/768x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():format(webp)/Ego-56b502d63df78c0b135416e9.jpg" srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Sh_xIndrq9wH8hjQtuMpO3KE3aQ=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():format(webp)/Ego-56b502d63df78c0b135416e9.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Ce6VesvSkP7ftUDcGVTELxRGLJk=/417x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():format(webp)/Ego-56b502d63df78c0b135416e9.jpg 417w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Z65BOTobVZ16y2wTe2B-VrYI7DA=/534x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():format(webp)/Ego-56b502d63df78c0b135416e9.jpg 534w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/BsmDuFBzR54saKZ_4Z2tWWMCf8M=/768x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():format(webp)/Ego-56b502d63df78c0b135416e9.jpg 768w" width="721" height="529"><figcaption dir="auto">Tooga/Getty Images</figcaption></figure><div>
Updated January 21, 2020
</div>Psychological egoism is the theory that all our actions are basically motivated by self-interest.&nbsp;It is a view endorsed by several philosophers, among them <a href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/hobmoral/" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1" rel="noopener" dir="ltr">Thomas Hobbes</a> and <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/why-did-nietzsche-break-with-wagner-2670457" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2" dir="ltr">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, and has played a role in some <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/game-theory-3026626" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="3" dir="ltr">game theory</a>.<h2 dir="ltr"> Why think that all our actions are self-interested? </h2>A self-interested action is one that is motivated by a concern for one’s own interests.&nbsp;Clearly, most of our actions are of this sort.&nbsp;I get a drink of water because I have an interest in quenching my thirst.&nbsp;I show up for work because I have an interest in being paid. But are all our actions self-interested? On the face of it, there seem to be lots of actions that are not.&nbsp;For instance:<UL><LI>A motorist who stops to help someone who has broken down.</LI><LI>A person giving money to charity.</LI><LI>A soldier falling on a grenade to protect others from the explosion.</LI></UL>But psychological egoists think they can explain such actions without abandoning their theory.&nbsp;The motorist might be thinking that one day she, too, could need help.&nbsp;So she supports a culture in which we help those in need.&nbsp;The person giving to charity might be hoping to impress others, or they might be trying to avoid feelings of guilt, or they might be looking for that warm fuzzy feeling one gets after doing a good deed.&nbsp;The soldier falling on the grenade might be hoping for glory, even if only the posthumous kind.<h2 dir="ltr"> Objections to Psychological Egoism </h2>The first and most obvious objection to psychological egoism is that there are lots of clear examples of people behaving altruistically or selflessly, putting the interests of others before their own.&nbsp;The examples just given illustrate this idea.&nbsp;But as already noted, the psychological egoists think they can explain actions of this kind.&nbsp;But can they?&nbsp;Critics argue that their theory rests on a false account of human motivation.Take, for instance, the suggestion that people who give to charity, or who donate blood, or who help people in need, are motivated by either a desire to avoid feeling guilty or by a desire to enjoy feeling saintly.&nbsp;This may be true in some cases, but surely it simply isn’t true in many.&nbsp;The fact that I don’t feel guilty or do feel virtuous after performing a certain action may be true.&nbsp;But this is often just a side effect of my action.&nbsp;I didn’t necessarily do it in order to get these feelings.<h2 dir="ltr"> The difference between selfish and selfless. </h2>Psychological egoists suggest that we are all, at the bottom, quite selfish.&nbsp;Even people who we describe as unselfish are really doing what they do for their own benefit.&nbsp;Those who take unselfish actions at face value, they say, are naïve or superficial.Against this, though, the critic can argue that the distinction we all make between selfish and unselfish actions (and people) is an important one.&nbsp;A selfish action is one that sacrifices someone else’s interests to my own: e.g. I greedily grab the last slice of cake.&nbsp;An unselfish action is one where I place another person’s interests above my own: e.g.&nbsp;I offer them the last piece of cake, even though I’d like it myself.&nbsp;Perhaps it is true that I do this because I have a desire to help or please others.&nbsp;In that sense, I could be described, in some sense, as satisfying my desires even when I act unselfishly.&nbsp;But this is exactly what an unselfish person is: namely, someone who cares about others, who wants to help them.&nbsp;The fact that I am satisfying a desire to help others is no reason to deny that I am acting selflessly.&nbsp;On the contrary.&nbsp;That’s exactly the sort of desire that unselfish people have.<h2 dir="ltr"> The appeal of psychological egoism. </h2>Psychological egoism is appealing for two main reasons:<UL><LI>it satisfies our preference for simplicity.&nbsp;In science, we like theories that explain diverse phenomena by showing them to all be controlled by the same force.&nbsp;E.g.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/newtons-law-of-gravity-2698878" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1" dir="ltr">Newton’s theory of gravity</a> offers a single principle that explains a falling apple, the orbits of the planets, and the tides.&nbsp;Psychological <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-ethical-egoism-3573630" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2" dir="ltr">egoism</a> promises to explain every kind of action by relating them all to one fundamental motive: self-interest</LI><LI>it offers a hard-headed, seemingly cynical view of human nature.&nbsp;This appeals to our concern not to be naïve or taken in by appearances.</LI></UL>To its critics, though, the theory is too simple.&nbsp;And being hard-headed is not a virtue if it means ignoring contrary evidence.&nbsp;Consider, for instance how you feel if you watch a film in which a two-year-old girl starts stumbling toward the edge of a cliff.&nbsp;If you’re&nbsp;a normal person, you’ll feel anxious.&nbsp;But why?&nbsp;The film is only a film; it isn’t real.&nbsp;And the toddler is a stranger.&nbsp;Why should you care what happens to her? It isn’t you that is in danger.&nbsp;Yet you do feel anxious.&nbsp;Why?&nbsp;A plausible explanation of this feeling is that most of us have a natural concern for others, perhaps because we are, by nature, social beings.&nbsp;This is a line of criticism advanced by <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/philosophical-empiricism-2670590" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1" dir="ltr">David Hume</a>.&nbsp;

Summary and critique of the view that all our actions are self-interested

Why think that all our actions are self-interested?

Psychological egoism is the theory that all our actions are basically motivated by self-interest. It is a view endorsed by several philosophers, among them <a data-component="link" data-ordinal="1" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" dir="ltr" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/hobmoral/" rel="noopener">Thomas Hobbes </a>and <a data-component="link" data-ordinal="2" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" dir="ltr" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/why-did-nietzsche-break-with-wagner-2670457">Friedrich Nietzsche </a>, and has played a role in some <a data-component="link" data-ordinal="3" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" dir="ltr" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/game-theory-3026626">game theory </a>. A self-interested action is one that is motivated by a concern for one’s own interests. Clearly, most of our actions are of this sort. I get a drink of water because I have an interest in quenching my thirst. I show up for work because I have an interest in being paid. But are all our actions self-interested? On the face of it, there seem to be lots of actions that are not. For instance:

<ul><li>A motorist who stops to help someone who has broken down. </li><li>A person giving money to charity. </li><li>A soldier falling on a grenade to protect others from the explosion. </li> </ul>But psychological egoists think they can explain such actions without abandoning their theory. The motorist might be thinking that one day she, too, could need help. So she supports a culture in which we help those in need. The person giving to charity might be hoping to impress others, or they might be trying to avoid feelings of guilt, or they might be looking for that warm fuzzy feeling one gets after doing a good deed. The soldier falling on the grenade might be hoping for glory, even if only the posthumous kind.

The first and most obvious objection to psychological egoism is that there are lots of clear examples of people behaving altruistically or selflessly, putting the interests of others before their own. The examples just given illustrate this idea. But as already noted, the psychological egoists think they can explain actions of this kind. But can they? Critics argue that their theory rests on a false account of human motivation.

Take, for instance, the suggestion that people who give to charity, or who donate blood, or who help people in need, are motivated by either a desire to avoid feeling guilty or by a desire to enjoy feeling saintly. This may be true in some cases, but surely it simply isn’t true in many. The fact that I don’t feel guilty or do feel virtuous after performing a certain action may be true. But this is often just a side effect of my action. I didn’t necessarily do it in order to get these feelings.

The difference between selfish and selfless.

Psychological egoists suggest that we are all, at the bottom, quite selfish. Even people who we describe as unselfish are really doing what they do for their own benefit. Those who take unselfish actions at face value, they say, are naïve or superficial. Against this, though, the critic can argue that the distinction we all make between selfish and unselfish actions (and people) is an important one. A selfish action is one that sacrifices someone else’s interests to my own: e.g. I greedily grab the last slice of cake. An unselfish action is one where I place another person’s interests above my own: e.g. I offer them the last piece of cake, even though I’d like it myself. Perhaps it is true that I do this because I have a desire to help or please others. In that sense, I could be described, in some sense, as satisfying my desires even when I act unselfishly. But this is exactly what an unselfish person is: namely, someone who cares about others, who wants to help them. The fact that I am satisfying a desire to help others is no reason to deny that I am acting selflessly. On the contrary. That’s exactly the sort of desire that unselfish people have.

Psychological egoism is appealing for two main reasons: <ul><li>it satisfies our preference for simplicity. In science, we like theories that explain diverse phenomena by showing them to all be controlled by the same force. E.g. <a data-component="link" data-ordinal="1" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" dir="ltr" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/newtons-law-of-gravity-2698878">Newton’s theory of gravity </a>offers a single principle that explains a falling apple, the orbits of the planets, and the tides. Psychological <a data-component="link" data-ordinal="2" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" dir="ltr" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-ethical-egoism-3573630">egoism </a>promises to explain every kind of action by relating them all to one fundamental motive: self-interest </li><li>it offers a hard-headed, seemingly cynical view of human nature. This appeals to our concern not to be naïve or taken in by appearances. </li> </ul>

To its critics, though, the theory is too simple. And being hard-headed is not a virtue if it means ignoring contrary evidence. Consider, for instance how you feel if you watch a film in which a two-year-old girl starts stumbling toward the edge of a cliff. If you’re a normal person, you’ll feel anxious. But why? The film is only a film; it isn’t real. And the toddler is a stranger. Why should you care what happens to her? It isn’t you that is in danger. Yet you do feel anxious. Why? A plausible explanation of this feeling is that most of us have a natural concern for others, perhaps because we are, by nature, social beings. This is a line of criticism advanced by <a data-component="link" data-ordinal="1" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" dir="ltr" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/philosophical-empiricism-2670590">David Hume </a>.

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What Is Psychological Egoism?

Psychological egoism

The self-interested action

Objections to psychological egoism

Selfish vs. selfless action

Why psychological egoism is appealing

What is Psychological Distancing? Four Helpful Techniques

Why Proactivity Is the Superpower You Can and Should Develop

Mastering the connection between strategy and culture

Bite‑sized knowledgeto upgradeyour career

What Is Psychological Egoism?

Psychological egoism

The self-interested action

Objections to psychological egoism

Selfish vs. selfless action

Why psychological egoism is appealing

What is Psychological Distancing? Four Helpful Techniques

Why Proactivity Is the Superpower You Can and Should Develop

Mastering the connection between strategy and culture

Bite‑sized knowledge
to upgrade
your career