Most people think about learning as adding knowledge and skills. You now have a new fact in your mind that didn’t exist before.

• Straightforward refutation of the old idea. This complete refutation is atypical. More likely the new knowledge doesn’t contradict the old one, but it may modify it in some way.
• The new knowledge revises a simpler picture by filling it with more complex details. This is...

When something contradicts your current understanding, you are likely to dismiss it. This may be adaptive in a world where a big part of the information you encounter is false or is constructed to manipulate you. Things that you don’t currently believe are more likely to be false. 

H...

Most of our false or doubtful assumptions about the areas that impact our lives are never examined. 

We use these assumptions to operate, but because they aren’t actively reflected upon, studied or challenged, they maintain their full force, even if fairly simple arguments could over...

• Seek additive knowledge in familiar areas and then use that new knowledge to start pulling up and modifying old knowledge.
• Seek other people’s experiences of the world. Travel, in this way, can be a potent form of unlearning.
• Be more varied and bold in your...