Mental models are explanations of how something works.

• They guide your perception and behavior.
• They are the thinking tools that you use to understand life, make decisions, and solve problems.
• They are imperfect, but useful.
• The best mental models are the ideas with the most utility.
• Learning a new mental model gives you a new way to see the world.

Developing a broad base of mental models is critical for anyone interested in thinking clearly, rationally, and effectively.

When a certain worldview dominates your thinking, you’ll try to explain every problem you face through that worldview.

The more you master a single mental model, the more likely it becomes that this mental model will be your downfall because you’ll start applying it indiscriminately to every problem.

What looks like expertise is often a limitation.

The secret to great thinking is to learn and employ a variety of mental models.