Why do we buy what we buy?

Scholars answer this question in different ways. Economists assume that goods and services provide well-being and psychologists think it is part of human nature that ties back to evolutionary dynamics.

But the contemporary consumer society is more likely the result of the growth of unequal social structures. For a number of people, it's about consuming to their social position. For example, those with a richer reference group tend to save less and spend more, and those with a more modest reference group tend to save more even if their wealth increase.

Increases in equality can give rise to competitive consumption - the idea that we spend because we compare ourselves with our peers and what they're spending.

Our society is structured so that our social esteem or value is connected to our ability to spend. The inability to consume affects the kind of social value we have.

• In the postwar period, we had residentially-based reference groups. So it was your neighbourhood where the people had similar economic standing. Houses tend to cost roughly the same amount within an area.
• The next big thing that happened is more married women going into the workforce. That changed the reference groups because they go from a flat social structure in the suburbs to a hierarchy in the workplace.
• Then there is the impact of media, especially social media.

While men seem to dominate particularly big purchases, women are more responsible for everyday purchasing such as food and apparel.

Looking at data from marketers, you see a disproportionate amount of spending done by women.

Black consumers are no different from white consumers. Although they spend on different things, there are not two types of consumers. 

The dynamics of black consumers are partly driven by racism. Middle-class and upper-middle-class blacks will have to spend more on wardrobes to avoid being stigmatized in the retail environment.

• Down-shifters decided to work less and consume less. They wanted to take control of their time and are willing to make that trade-off.
• The minimalist movement is connected with financial independence, and the FIRE movement - financial independence, retire early - that is becoming mainstream.
• The buy-nothing groups are big now. They have an ethic of anti-consumerism.