“Christmas is the season for kindling the fire of hospitality.”

“I will honor Christmas in my heart, and try to keep it all the year.”

Gifts of time and love are surely the basic ingredients of a truly merry Christmas.”

“T’was the night before Christmas, when all through the house, not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse.”

“At Christmas, all roads lead home.”

“Christmas is not as much about opening our presents as opening our hearts.” – Janice Maeditere

“Christmas is doing a little something extra for someone.” – Charles M. Schulz

“Every time we love, every time we give, it’s Christmas.” – Dale Evans

“When we recall Christmas past, we usually find that the simplest things – not the great occasions – give off the greatest glow of happiness.” – Bob Hope

“Like snowflakes, my Christmas memories gather and dance – each beautiful, unique, and gone too soon.”

“We are better throughout the year for having, in spirit, become a child again at Christmastime.” – Laura Ingalls Wilder

“He who has not Christmas in his heart will never find it under a tree.” – Roy L. Smith

“Unless we make Christmas an occasion to share our blessings, all the snow in Alaska won’t make it ‘white.’” – Bing Crosby

“All the Christmas presents in the world are worth nothing without the presence of Christ.”

motivationandinspiration

Motivation & Inspiration

education

Learning & Education

Christmas Quotes To Help You Celebrate The Season

One of the most important pillar in any startups or an organization.Analysing culture in your employee, while you are recruiting them can be the most efficient way.A team with high cultural values is like a concrete house and no cultural values is like a paper house. When a fire litted from a place the paper one will instantly burn off, and concrete one saves you.

1. Hiring

When you are building a solution for your customer, make sure it's like oxygen. Build the product only if you think it's very useful for your customers which they feel like it is oxygen.Three Thumb Rules for Different Businesses<ol><li>In consumer apps, you need to have at least 20% month 3 retention</li><li>In D2C products, your total lifetime value per customer must ve more than your acquisition cost, plus they must make repeat purchases.</li><li>In SAAS, you need to have less than 10% churn per year.</li></ol>

2. Build A Product That People Really Want

No matter how great your idea is if you don't have a good market for that.Kunal Shah says, what's the use of building a dam in the desert, and what's the how much effort you put, if there are no customers are buying your product.

3. Market Matters More Than Your Product

You should build a product only if you are passionate about what you are doing, or else in the long run you'll lose interest in building it and the growth will go down.You can build products that are successful even by taking risks only when you love what you are building.

4. Startup Will Succeed Only When The Founder Is Passionate

Most of the solo founded start ups fail because the founder had no one to converse with and no helping hand in decision making.Any number of cofounders is fine until it's more than 4 people.

5. Your Success Will Increase With Multiple Founders

Not having liquid cash can sometimes slow down your growth.Imagine you are having a good product market fit, but someone who have funds hire your talent and they won the completion.So, make sure you are having good amount of cash in your hand.

6. Make Sure You Are Well Banked

You should be 'persistent about the problem but flexible about the solution'. Few founders will stuck with a single idea and build upon that with out understanding the market, just because they invested a lot of amount and effort already and later feel bad about the failure. (Refer to sunken cost fallacy) As a founder you should be flexible at experimenting different things in your startup.

7. Founders Should Be Flexible

Spend more time talking and interviewing your customers, and get feedback from them.Knowing what your customers need is very important, so try talking to your users and start working on what they really want.

8. Successful Startups Talk To Their Users

Need to do more talking to the clients and do more sales talksSales is one of the most important factor for a business. You should get paid for the value you are providing

9. Fear Of Sales

You have to learn when to do what and when this inflection points change.

10. It's All About The Timing

This is one of the best videos I watched recently about the startups, if you loved the notes, don't forget to check the video by Varun Mayya on his YouTube. If you love my work, do follow me here or on Twitter :) (twitter.com/adityamulukuri) adityamulukuri.super.site

Thank You :)

Go checkout SeedToScale right now: https://www.seedtoscale.com/marketplaces/content-library SeedToScale is Accel's curated learning community to help founders build venture fundable startups. This is a Masterclass series featuring the founders of India's most successful marketplace giants like Swiggy, Urban Company, Taxi For Sure, Myntra and many more. Take a deep dive into the inside stories, insights and philosophies that made them the colossal marketplace they are today. https://blog.eladgil.com/p/fear-of-sales https://review.firstround.com/how-superhuman-built-an-engine-to-find-product-market-fit

entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship

business

Business

startup

Startups

Go checkout SeedToScale right now: https://www.seedtoscale.com/marketplaces/content-library

SeedToScale is Accel's curated learning community to help founders build venture fundable startups. 

This is a Masterclass series featuring the founders of India's most successful marketplace giants like Swiggy, Urban Company, Taxi For Sure, Myntra and many more. Take a deep dive into the inside stories, insights and philosophies that made them the colossal marketplace they are today.

https://blog.eladgil.com/p/fear-of-sales
https://review.firstround.com/how-superhuman-built-an-engine-to-find-product-market-fit

0:39 Hiring 
2:50 Build a product that people really want  
6:40 Market matters more than your Product 
7:49 When the founder is passionate  
8:46 Your success will increase with multiple Founders 
10:09 Make sure you are well Banked  
11:16 Founders should be Flexible 
12:58 Successful startups talk to their Users 
14:08 Fear of Sales 
15:37 It's all about the Timing

Science and business follow the same principles and are practically the same thing - you experiment, you observe, you make conclusions, and you repeat. 
I help entrepreneurs build amazing companies and freelancing careers with actionable advice. I distill complex research papers for the masses. Most importantly, I practice what I preach.

Collabs: teamvarunmayya@gmail.com

Varun Mayya

10 Things Successful New-Age Startups Got Right!

If you’ve ever found it difficult to get through a challenging task at work, studied for an important exam, or spent time on a finicky project, you might have wished you could increase your ability to concentrate.Well, the good news is - you actually can enhance your concentration. Let's look at everything you do.

Research suggests that playing video games could help boost concentration.<ul><li>A study looking at 29 people found evidence to suggest an hour of gaming could help improve visual selective attention (VSA), your ability to concentrate on a specific task while ignoring distractions.</li><li>Another study looked at 100 studies examining how video games could affect cognitive function. The results suggest playing video games may lead to various changes in the brain, including increased attention and focus.</li></ul>

1. How about some FIFA? 

A demanding schedule, health issues, and other factors sometimes make it difficult to get enough sleep. But it’s important to try and get as close to the recommended amount as possible on most nights.Many experts recommend adults aim for 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night.

2. Sleep like a baby

Increased concentration is among the many benefits of regular exercise. Exercise benefits everyone. A 2018 study looking at 116 fifth graders found evidence to suggest daily physical activity could help improve both concentration and attention after just 4 weeks.P.S. - If it’s hard to find time to exercise or you don’t want to join a gym, try to think of fun ways to work it in throughout the day. May be a walk?

3. Hit the gym, the road,  or the backyard

If you want to boost your concentration naturally, try to get outside every day, even for a short while. You might take a short walk through a park. Sitting in your garden or backyard can also help. Any natural environment has benefits.According to the American Psychological Association (APA), spending time in nature can have a positive impact on both physical and mental health.

4. Spend time in nature

You’ve spent a few hours on the same project, and suddenly your attention starts to wander. Even though it’s hard to keep your mind on the task, you stay at your desk, forcing yourself to keep going. But your struggle to focus just makes you feel stressed and anxious about not completing your work on time.You’ve probably been there before. Next time this happens, when you first feel your concentration drop, take a short mental break. Refresh yourself with a cool drink or nutritious snack, take a quick walk, or go outside and get some sun.

5. Take a break. Please?

Here are five tips from Healthline to improve concentration.

Ways to improve concentration, include brain games, meditation, music, and more. If you're finding it hard to focus and these tips don't help, consider asking a doctor.

productivity

Productivity

personaldevelopment

Personal Development

health

Health

5 Sure-Shot Ways to Improve Concentration

Productivity is the amount of work that you accomplish over a given period of time. Now this productivity would also have some quality attached to it. A widespread standard way or technique to boost productivity is by saying that “you need a strong reason to accomplish something”, which is very vague. Sure, you need a reason, but it isn’t the only ingredient which drives productivity, some times, even after having a strong reason people procrastinate, just because they don’t feel like doing the task.

To be productive you need to “be focused” on the work that you are trying to accomplish and stay contextual to the work at hand. Being contextual and aligned to a larger goal/s, gives your work a sense of meaning. When you are meaningful, you think and act critically. Your flow towards the work is of the highest quality.

Focus

The next thing is to be able to focus on the result, rather than the problem. For e.g., if you are trying to figure out to accomplish a task efficiently, focus on asking the right questions like “what is the efficient way?” Ask yourself “How will it be efficient?”, rather than being stuck with the problem of being inadequate with efficiency. If you are brain storming you will need critical thinking and a good level of self-awareness which drives you to think in the right direction.

Asking the right questions

Keeping your thoughts around what is that you are trying to accomplish makes it easier and it releases a set of ideas in an organic way. When you know what is that you want, you take action and think with the right mindset. It sets up the stage.

Knowing the result

Flow is an organic outcome of being focused and diligent. It will drive you to the right ideas and connections through your mind and help you find great solutions and ideas. When you get deeply involved in a process, you contemplate in the highest quality.

Flow

To-do’s with a timeline help you boost your efforts and make you responsible along with providing a sense of ownership. When you own a certain task/s, it prompts you to think in the right direction. Keeping an end to the task takes you away from procrastination.

Timelines with to-do’s, owning

When you visualize the end of a task(end result) the connecting processes will happen on it own. You don’t even have to figure out the “how” to accomplish the task. When you visualized you have already prepared a blue print immaterially and prepared to an extent. You will be able to be in flow quickly and easily if visualize the process before you get started. Visualization of a process makes it easier to find efficient ways.

Visualization is very effective

A good energetic person will have an abundance of creative ideas and be full of enthusiasm towards the task at hand. Having a sharp intellect makes it easier to accomplish difficult task/s, it helps to come up with efficient ways to accomplish something complex in nature

Energy and enthusiasm

Your team is productive when the direction is set and strategized well, everybody knows what is required of them. Getting queries of individuals answered by someone “a leader” would make a team empowered, as they have a reliable source to get them moving forward. Communication, direction and to unknot the complexity is the responsibility of a leader. They are responsible for guaging the amount of work accomplished and getting things done

Producitivity in a team

Become A Mentor 

Because i think this can help you to achieve growth and change in you to become a better person or a good employee.

books

Books

Productivity 

<ol><li>You must become aware of the gap in your knowledge</li><li>You must desire to resolve the uncertainty by filling the gap in your knowledge</li><li>Lastly, You must seek out information!</li></ol>

What it means to be Curious?

Get comfortable with your uncertainty; don’t shy away from it. Be grateful that you hold misconceptions. It’s an opportunity to learn something new.

I Embrace My Unce

Curious about something? I google it and let myself go down the rabbit holes of online articles about a topic, and following what fascinated me

I tuned in to my “information gaps” and sought to fill it up

Set aside regular time to do some reading about topics you become curious about, or to expand your horizons. You don’t have to read nonfiction. Novels, poetry, and other forms can also inspire your sense of curiosity.

Read 

I made an effort to listen more than I spoke. I started treating my friends and coworkers like teachers that I can learn from if I ask the right questions and listen carefully. Everyone has a piece of stories and wisdom to offer.

Listen more > speaking more

Choose something that excites you and pursue it. It’s worth carving out a few hours each week for this. You’ll love where it leads you.

HarvardX for hundreds of self-paced course

Genuine curiosity is a habit and it will become second nature once you start to cultivate it. Curiosity becomes instinct. You start listening more, being understanding to others deeply, your memory also improves and you retain information better. This is because curiosity is not only a mental state but also an emotion that serves as a powerful energy to urge us to fill gaps in our knowledge. Curiosity is also key to personal growth. When you are curious, you form a deeper connection when you meet someone. Curious people are lifelong learners and they succeed!

What I have learned

We are beyond what Society, Religion, Early Conditioning shapes us. Oftentimes Curiosity does not kill the cat, it liberates us. 

Learn how to think about curiosity as a skill you can improve like any other with effort and goal-setting, and start cultivating this important trait today.

problemsolving

Problem Solving

How to Cultivate Your Curiosity

<ul><li>Use “do” when talking about jobs, works, duties, leisures or tasks that do not produce anything physically tangible: E.g.: “You are doing a great job!”</li><li>It is common to use do when referring to indefinite activities, often together with words like something, what, thing, anything, nothing, everything, etc. E.g.: “We did something beautiful”</li><li>In informal English you can use it to replace a verb when the meaning is obvious: E.g.: “I’m doing the dishes”</li></ul>

<ul><li>Use “make” when talking about building, producing, constructing, creating a physical object: E.g.: “I made a cup of tea”</li><li>To indicate the components that are used to make something or the origin of a product: E.g.: “implants are made of titanium”, and “This car is made in France”</li><li>It's common to use “make” when talking about money: E.g.: “We made a deal”, or “With the price of oil increasing, oil companies are making money”</li><li>Make can also be used to express a feeling or reaction: E.g.: “She made him happy”</li></ul>

MAKE

This a list of common expressions with “do”

Here it goes a list of common expressions with 'make'

Are you confused when you should use “do” and when “make”? Well, it is not a surprise, English language doesn’t have a clear rule to follow at this regard. The following rule of thumb (with a zillion exceptions) will help you figure it out.

English language doesn’t have a clear rule for "do and "make". Are you using them correctly? Check out our rule of thumb and examples!

artsandculture

Society, Arts & Culture

Do vs Make. How often do you mess them up?

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Black Friday 2022

There are many students in class who study the same thing, understand the same concept and later write the same concept in the exams but what is the use of this,it's like just a memory or rote learning

Why Asking Questions is Good

Learning is the process in which you produce some ideas which was not asked by any other person ever born,you should be knowing the application of the things being taught in real life and thus implementation is these ideas in real life is what makes these concepts in our brain stronger

Maximizing Learning Impact

Don't believe in any law said by any scientist instead try to find some faults in that law,or try to find some exceptions in the law or see where is this law useful and where it is not. It is not always that the law or theory given by any scientist is correct,these were once hypothesis /assumptions and thus can be wrong or right. Asking questions is what makes our mind work extra which others in the current world are not doing. The summation of these extra thinkings is what makes some people cope with difficulties of life while the others can't although they studied the same amount.

Question Everything 

The first step is that act as you have no knowledge about the topic,then understand what the theory or law given is telling us and now start imagining it in real life and now start thinking about other factors which can fail this law. Try to interrelate one law with the other and see if the two laws still holds true . Ask more doubts to teachers and try to extract as much knowledge form the teacher as you can. Go very deep in the topic until you finally reach the atomic or cellular level of that thing. "Learning is not knowing things, learning is having doubts that no one had before "

How To Increase Your Questioning Ability 

Learning the right way and not being satisfied till you get the satisfactory answer is knowledge

Understand yourself and those around you.

psychology

Psychology

philosophy

Philosophy

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

Why Should You Ask Questions?

<ul><li>“<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology">Psychology</a> is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour of humans and animals.”</li><li>Nothing is Certain: We can never be certain about the future. Just because something’s always happened in the past doesn’t mean it will definitely happen in the future. </li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associationism#:~:text=Associationism%20is%20the%20idea%20that,of%20sensations%20or%20simple%20feelings.">Associationism</a>: We assume “cause and effect” associations through experiencing pairs of events, e.g. one billiard ball hitting another. </li></ul>

Introducing Psychology

<ul><li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id,_ego_and_super-ego">Id</a> is inborn and It operates by The Pleasure Principle– the baby seeks pleasure and avoids the unpleasurable. The Id typically wants immediate gratification. </li><li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id,_ego_and_super-ego">Ego</a> operates by The Reality Principle— To survive, we must sometimes be realistic and plan for the future.</li><li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id,_ego_and_super-ego">Superego</a> (influenced by parents) is the “conscience” or “moral watchdog” that stops us from doing wrong, especially in the sense of being anti- social.</li></ul>

The Id, Ego and Superego 

<ol><li>The Law of Exercise– repetition strengthens learning. (Or, “Practice makes perfect”.) Learning by repetition is called Rote Learning or “Parrot Fashion”.</li><li>The Law of Effect– the effect of reward is to strengthen learning. (Or, “If it’s pleasurable, it will be repeated”.).</li></ol>It’s found reward (law 2) to be more effective than mere repetition (law 1). <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aversion_therapy">Aversion Therapy</a> is replacing “nice” with “nasty”.</li></ul>Ex: to stop habits such as smoking or alcoholism…

Learning Laws 

<ul><li>“<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychodynamics">Psychodynamic</a>” means “active mind” - There is mental struggle– especially in the hidden unconscious mind. </li><li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libido">Libido</a>- “sex drive” is the ENERGY we have that motivates and enables us to survive– sexual activity is one manifestation. </li><li>Intelligence is adapting quickly. </li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionism">Reductionism</a>: Reduce propositions to simple facts.</li></ul>

The Psychodynamic Perspective 

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection">Natural Selection</a> comes in two parts.<ol><li>First, changes can occur from one generation to the next. This is now known to be random “mutations” in the genes.</li><li>Second, there is the meaning of “Selection”: Changes that are beneficial give the new individual a better chance to survive.</li></ol>Where animals fit into the environment in this way is called Survival of the fittest.

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution 

<ul><li>……<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_mechanism">These</a> are ways to unconsciously protect ourselves from unpleasant ideas. In small doses, they help everyday survival.</li><li>It’s natural to seek situations that give comfort, especially when under stress. Sucking a finger, thumb, pencil, sweet, cigarette, drink etc, is Oral Regression. However, over- use causes problems.</li></ul>

The Defence Mechanisms 

…..Because,<ul><li>It causes the individual to AVOID BEING PUNISHED rather than stop the undesired behavior. ex: a person avoids getting caught etc..</li><li>It can cause the individual to associate the punishment with the PUNISHER, rather than the BEHAVIOUR. </li><li>It may train an individual about what NOT to do, but it doesn’t train WHAT to do. </li></ul>

Why Punishment is Often Ineffective ?

<ul><li>It’s found that the optimum period between response and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement">reinforcement </a>is about half a second, i.e. almost immediately. This is very important. For example, if a parent wants to reward or punish a child, then to be effective it should be done straight away. </li><li>It’s better to use a combination of reward (<a href="https://psychology.fandom.com/wiki/Positive_reinforcement">Positive Reinforcement</a>) and withdrawal of reward (Non- Reinforcement). </li></ul>

How To Reward Or Punish Someone?

<ul><li>“<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition">Cognitive</a>” basically means “Thinking”– perceiving, memory, language, problem- solving, and so on. </li><li>The mind is ACTIVE and constantly looking for MEANINGS. They especially studied this in relation to visual perception, e.g. recognizing a human face. </li><li>Principles of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception">Perception</a>: Perception involves both the sense organs (e.g. seeing) and the brain (thinking). </li><li>When we perceive an object, we experience the WHOLE EFFECT or PATTERN– not just a collection of separate sensations. </li></ul>

The Cognitive Perspective 

<ol><li>Proximity– because the dots are close together, they are perceived together as a line.</li><li>Continuity– we tend to perceive two lines crossing rather than two V- shapes.</li><li>Similarity– vertical columns are perceived rather than horizontal rows.</li><li>Closure– missing parts are assumed to be hidden or accidental.</li><li>Pragnanz- A sense of “goodness” or “rightness” is often experienced when objects are symmetrical, simple, stable…</li><li>Figure/ Ground Illusions- We tend to perceive some items in the foreground and others in the background.</li></ol>

WHOLE EFFECT or PATTERN

<ul><li>SELF- ACTUALIZATION: the innate human motivation to ACHIEVE OUR POTENTIAL by using and developing our talents and abilities. Each time we experience such a sense of fulfillment is called a PEAK EXPERIENCE. </li><li>In order to reach Self- Actualization, we have to satisfy lower “needs” that exist at different levels.</li><li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs">Hierarchy of Needs</a>: This is like a ladder where, starting from the bottom, each Need must be satisfied before the next Need up can motivate us.(👆)</li></ul>

Self Actualization

1. An openness to all experience.2. An ability to live fully in every moment.3. The will to follow their own instincts, rather than the will of others.4. Freedom in thought and action, e.g. spontaneity, flexibility5. Much creativity.

The Psychologically Healthy Person Has: 

<ul><li>People are so familiar with their own upbringing and way of life that they often forget just how different it can be– not just in other countries but even next door! </li><li>“<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization">Socialization</a>”– the process of learning the “norms” or rules of society. </li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture">Culture</a> is the “human- made part of the environment” and comes in two parts: objective (means of transport, cooking equipment, technology) and subjective (beliefs, values, roles). </li></ul>

The Social and Cultural Perspective 

<ol><li> Recognition is mainly Assimilation– taking in the surroundings, checking that things are the same, provides comfort and security.</li><li>Learning, is mainly Accommodation– adding new information to change existing knowledge. </li></ol>If there was too much recognition– if everything stayed the same– then life would be boring. If there was too much learning– i.e. constant newness– then life would be confusing.

Adult Schemas

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_effect#:~:text=The%20halo%20effect%20(sometimes%20called,or%20feelings%20in%20other%20areas.">The Halo Effect</a> occurs when we generalize a person’s Central Traits. For example, if someone is perceived as basically “good” or “likeable”, then we tend to interpret all their behaviour as such. They can do no wrong! Similarly, someone perceived to be “bad” will tend to be disliked whatever they do!

The Halo Effect

<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial-position_effect">The Primacy / Recency Effect </a>refers to whether we discover information about someone earlier (Primacy) or later (Recency). The Primacy Effect–“first impressions count”–occurs from the moment of meeting a person (within seconds), and the effect of the face, clothes, mannerisms, speech..</li><li>It’s found that people judged a person to be basically “introvert” or “extrovert” depending on the information given first, even when it was later contradicted.</li></ul>

The Primacy / Recency Effect 

<ol><li>Compatibility: people tend to “pair off” with those who are generally similar or “matching”.</li><li>Rewards and Costs: attention, affection, trust, security, sharing, skills, information, status, money, energy, reproduction, sex…</li><li>Specific Factors</li></ol>Familiarity and Exposure seems to increase liking (As used in advertising and political campaigning!)–Reciprocal Liking–we tend to like people who we think like us!

Sexual Attraction 

An attitude can be divided into 3 aspects:1. Cognitive–the beliefs (factual & neutral) e.g. “Smoking is a major cause of cancer”.2. Affective–the emotional feelings e.g. “I hate the smell of cigarettes”.3. Behavioural–the actions taken e.g. “I only eat in non-smoking restaurants”.Attitude change can be achieved by working on all three.

Attitude 

<ul><li>Why do many animals form social groups? In one word: SURVIVAL! This applies to both INDIVIDUAL and SPECIES survival.</li><li>Individual Survival requires protection (including shelter from the weather and getting food).</li><li>Species Survival requires reproduction (involving finding a suitable mate, courtship and bonding, and protecting others (especially the off-spring).</li></ul>

Survival 

Examines the history of psychology; describes the main schools of thought; and introduces such key figures as Freud, Skinner, and Piaget.

What is psychology? When did it begin? How does psychology compare with related subjects such as psychiatry and psychotherapy? To what extent is it scientific? Introducing Psychology answers all these questions and more, explaining what the subject has been in the past and what it is now. The main 'schools' of thought and the sections within psychology are described, and key figures are covered as well as many lesser-known but important psychologists.

Nigel C. Benson

Cognitive Flexibility Theory is a 30 year old learning theory that focuses on the question“how do experts deal with novelty?” . It's one thing to learn to to a certain thing to perfection, but how do you learn to produce new things? 4 key insights of CFT:<ol><li>CFT is Concerned With Ill-Structured Domains</li><li>In Ill-Structured Domains, Cases Are As If Not More Important Than Concepts</li><li>Experts construct a temporary schema on the fly, by combining fragments of previous cases.</li><li>Experts an ‘adaptive worldview’: meaning that they do not think there is one root cause as explanation for a particular event</li></ol>

Cognitive Flexibility Theory

An ill-structured domain is a domain where there are concepts, but the way those concepts are instantiated in the real world are hugely variable, and messy as hell. Business, medicine, arts ...Ex ... heart attacks: A heart attack is a concept. It is a thing you can study in medical textbooks. But actual diagnosis of heart attacks can be hugely variable — it depends on the patient’s race, age, gender, case history, potential complications, and so on; some heart attacks present as indigestion initially, others may last days.In these domains the experts look more like artist than scientists.

Ill-Structured Domains

In traditional education we are taught a concept, and then the examples that illustrate that concept are treated as disposable. In STEM fields you’ll see engineers evaluating quality of thinking with a dismissive “you’re not thinking from first principles”. But n an ill-structured domain, then reasoning from first principles is very difficult. And that experts in ill-structured domains reason by comparison to previous cases, not by reference to first principles.

In Ill-Structured Domains, Cases Are As If Not More Important Than Concepts

Get exposes to as many cases for each concept as is feasibly possible, so you have a large collection of fragments to assemble from. Then build bottoms up (addaptive).Practically: <ol><li>Pick a note taking app with backlinking capabilities.</li><li>Start copying cases into your note taking app. Mark up particular passages with concepts or case features.</li><li>Force to practice ‘schema assembly of fragments’. Use questions like “how is Case A like Case B but not like Case C” and “find surprising differences between cases that appear similar".</li></ol>

Using CFT

How do you make learn in domains with fuzzy rules?

What Cognitive Flexibility Theory tells us about the acceleration of expertise in ill-structured domains.

communication

Communication

How Note Taking Can Help You Become an Expert

Find 100+ Facts about Education - Curated by others from trusted sources like Books, Podcasts & Articles - Genuine Insights from like-minded Users like You!

Christmas Quotes To Help You Celebrate The Season

10 Things Successful New-Age Startups Got Right!

5 Sure-Shot Ways to Improve Concentration

Productivity

How to Cultivate Your Curiosity

Do vs Make. How often do you mess them up?

Black Friday 2022

Why Should You Ask Questions?

Introducing Psychology

How Note Taking Can Help You Become an Expert

It's time to Read like a Pro.

It's time to
Read like a Pro.