Matter and light have properties of both waves and particles simultaneously. The results of quantum mechanics make it clear that waves exhibit particle-like properties and particles exhibit wave-like properties, depending on the specific experiment. Quantum physics is, therefore, able to make descriptions of matter and energy based on wave equations that relate to the probability of a particle existing in a certain spot at a certain time.

Wave Particle Duality

Einstein's theory of relativity is based upon the principle that the laws of physics are the same for all observers, regardless of where they are located or how fast they are moving or accelerating. This seemingly common-sense principle predicts localized effects in the form of special relativity and defines gravitation as a geometric phenomenon in the form of general relativity.

Einsteins Theory of Relativity

Quantum physics is defined mathematically by the Schroedinger equation, which depicts the probability of a particle being found at a certain point. This probability is fundamental to the system, not merely a result of ignorance. Once a measurement is made, however, you have a definite result.The measurement problem is that the theory doesn't completely explain how the act of measurement actually causes this change. Attempts to solve the problem have led to some intriguing theories.

Quantum Probability & The Measurement Problem

The physicist Werner Heisenberg developed the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, which says that when measuring the physical state of a quantum system there's a fundamental limit to the amount of precision that can be achieved.For example, the more precisely you measure the momentum of a particle the less precise your measurement of its position. Again, in Heisenberg's interpretation, this wasn't just a measurement error or technological limitation, but an actual physical limit.

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

In quantum theory, certain physical systems can become "entangled," meaning that their states are directly related to the state of another object somewhere else. When one object is measured, and the Schroedinger wavefunction collapses into a single state, the other object collapses into its corresponding state ... no matter how far away the objects are (i.e. nonlocality).Einstein, who called this quantum entanglement "spooky action at a distance," illuminated this concept with his EPR Paradox.

Quantum Entanglement & Nonlocality

Unified field theory is a type of theory that goes about trying to reconcile quantum physics with Einstein's theory of general relativity.There are several specific theories that fall under the heading of unified field theory including Quantum Gravity , String Theory / Superstring Theory / M-Theory , and Loop Quantum Gravity.

Unified Field Theory

When Albert Einstein developed the Theory of General Relativity, it predicted a possible expansion of the universe. Georges Lemaitre thought that this indicated the universe began in a single point. The name "Big Bang" was given by Fred Hoyle while mocking the theory during a radio broadcast.In 1929, Edwin Hubble discovered a redshift in distant galaxies, indicating that they were receding from Earth. Cosmic background microwave radiation, discovered in 1965, supported Lemaitre's theory.

The Big Bang

In attempts to solve the measurement problem in quantum physics, physicists frequently run into the problem of consciousness. Though most physicists try to sidestep the issue, it seems that there is a link between the conscious choice of experiment and the outcome of the experiment.Some physicists, most notably Roger Penrose, believe that current physics cannot explain consciousness and that consciousness itself has a link to the strange quantum realm.

Quantum Consciousness

Recent evidence shows that were the universe just slightly different, it wouldn't exist long enough for any life to develop. The odds of a universe that we can exist in are very small, based on chance.The controversial Anthropic Principle states that the universe can only exist such that carbon-based life can arise.The Anthropic Principle, while intriguing, is more a philosophical theory than a physical one. Still, the Anthropic Principle poses an intriguing intellectual puzzle.

Anthropic Principle

These are the top 10 weirdest and most interesting concepts in physics, mostly from the realm of quantum physics and Einstein's theory of relativity.

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

Top 10 Totally Weird Physics Ideas

We think of our body as a brain that operates a machine of flesh & bones. Our mind distinctively separated from our bodies. It's why we think we can start living in the meta-verse.But we don't have a body. We are a body!All our consciousness is the result of our body interacting with the world and other people. Separating the 2, even in theory, makes no sense.

The myth of mind body separation

We somehow think children are better at language learning than adults. But an adult brain is so much better than a kid's brain so if something changes is the adult body.We also think language is like an instinct. But it has been proven that people growing without other humans don't develop language ability.A language is a tool, a social tool. To use a language one has to interact with others in a certain context. Languages are lived, not purely spoken.

Language Learning Myths

Language is a unity of generalisation and social interaction, a unity of thinking and communication.

We think our minds can be filled with information, books, methods etc... Like a container. That metaphor is broken. There is a huge difference between knowledge and knowing. The transition from to another is activity. Doing the knowledge is the only way to know. This is true learning.

Knowledge ≠ Knowing

We are not a mind and a body.We are somebody.

As everyone is dreaming about the metaverse, we have to remember our consciousness is not a brain process that happens in out brains, but a full experience with our bodies. This has some big insights on learning.

Are you a mind, or a body? Join me on a philosophical adventure into language, learning, and human nature. - Get unlimited access to my courses and learner community in the Canguro Academy. Learn pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, listening, and more! https://canguroenglish.com/academy - Stay updated on how to learn English: Canguro English newsletter: https://canguroenglish.com/newsletter - Official Facebook group: https://canguroenglish.com/facebook Instagram: https://canguroenglish.com/instagram Listen to the podcast: https://canguroenglish.com/anchor Twitter: https://canguroenglish.com/twitter - Buy official Canguro English merchandise here: https://canguroenglish.com/merch

philosophy

Philosophy

mindfulness

Mindfulness

education

Learning & Education

Are you a mind, or a body? Join me on a philosophical adventure into language, learning, and human nature.
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Get unlimited access to my courses and learner community in the Canguro Academy.
Learn pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, listening, and more!
https://canguroenglish.com/academy
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Canguro English newsletter: https://canguroenglish.com/newsletter
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Official Facebook group: https://canguroenglish.com/facebook
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Changing the way the world learns English.

Canguro English

Learning is useless.

Artificial Intelligence, although one of the most revolutionary and groundbreaking discoveries, is also a moral and ethical problem for the majority of people. Is it something we truly need to worry about?Depending on how it's used, AI can either be incredibly useful, or incredibly harmful. For example, companies such as Google use AI in order to better learn and understand your habits so that Google itself can be better optimized. However, in the wrong hands, AI can lead to a plethora of problems.Long story short, AI can either be harmful or helpful depending on the way that it's used.

Is Artificial Intelligence Dangerous?

Artificial Intelligence is one of the most hotly debated topics in science. Is it worth all that conversation?

technologyandthefuture

Technology & The Future

artificialintelligence

Artificial Intelligence

From the big bang to black holes, this fast-paced tour of time and space for the astro-curious unlocks the science of the stars to reveal fascinating theories, surprising discoveries, and ongoing mysteries in modern astronomy and astrophysics. Before the big bang, time, space, and matter didn't exist. In the 14 billion years since, scientists have pointed their telescopes upward, peering outward in space and backward in time, developing and refining theories to explain the weird and wonderful phenomena they observed.

A Tour of Time & Space

Through these observations, we now understand concepts like the size of the universe (still expanding), the distance to the next-nearest star from earth (Alpha Centauri, 26 trillion miles) and what drives the formation of elements (nuclear fusion), planets and galaxies (gravity), and black holes (gravitational collapse). But are these cosmological questions definitively answered or is there more to discover? Oxford University astrophysicist and popular YouTube personality Dr. Becky Smethurst presents everything you need to know about the universe in 10 accessible and engaging lessons.

In Space at the Speed of Light: The History of 14 Billion Years for People Short on Time, she guides you through fundamental questions, both answered and unanswered, posed by space scientists. Why does gravity matter? How do we know the big bang happened? What is dark matter? Do aliens exist? Why is the sky dark at night? If you have ever looked up at night and wondered how it all works, you will find answers - and many more questions - in this pocket-sized tour of the universe!

From the big bang to black holes, this fast-paced illustrated tour of time and space for the astro-curious unlocks the science of the stars to reveal fascinating theories, surprising discoveries, and ongoing mysteries in modern astronomy and astrophysics. Before the big bang, time, space, and matter didn't exist. In the 14 billion years since, scientists have pointed their telescopes upward, peering outward in space and backward in time, developing and refining theories to explain the weird and wonderful phenomena they observed. Through these observations, we now understand concepts like the size of the universe (still expanding), the distance to the next-nearest star from earth (Alpha Centauri, 26 trillion miles) and what drives the formation of elements (nuclear fusion), planets and galaxies (gravity), and black holes (gravitational collapse). But are these cosmological questions definitively answered or is there more to discover? Oxford University astrophysicist and popular YouTube personality Dr. Becky Smethurst presents everything you need to know about the universe in ten accessible and engagingly illustrated lessons. In Space at the Speed of Light: The History of 14 Billion Years for People Short on Time, she guides you through fundamental questions, both answered and unanswered, posed by space scientists. Why does gravity matter? How do we know the big bang happened? What is dark matter? Do aliens exist? Why is the sky dark at night? If you have ever looked up at night and wondered how it all works, you will find answers--and many more questions--in this pocket-sized tour of the universe!

space

Space

From the big bang to black holes, this fast-paced illustrated tour of time and space for the astro-curious unlocks the science of the stars to reveal fascinating theories, surprising discoveries, and ongoing mysteries in modern astronomy and astrophysics. Before the big bang, time, space, and matter didn't exist. In the 14 billion years since, scientists have pointed their telescopes upward, peering outward in space and backward in time, developing and refining theories to explain the weird and wonderful phenomena they observed. Through these observations, we now understand concepts like the size of the universe (still expanding), the distance to the next-nearest star from earth (Alpha Centauri, 26 trillion miles) and what drives the formation of elements (nuclear fusion), planets and galaxies (gravity), and black holes (gravitational collapse). But are these cosmological questions definitively answered or is there more to discover? Oxford University astrophysicist and popular YouTube personality Dr. Becky Smethurst presents everything you need to know about the universe in ten accessible and engagingly illustrated lessons. In Space at the Speed of Light: The History of 14 Billion Years for People Short on Time, she guides you through fundamental questions, both answered and unanswered, posed by space scientists. Why does gravity matter? How do we know the big bang happened? What is dark matter? Do aliens exist? Why is the sky dark at night? If you have ever looked up at night and wondered how it all works, you will find answers--and many more questions--in this pocket-sized tour of the universe!

Dr. Becky Smethurst

Space at the Speed of Light

“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough"

<ul><li>It is a systematic method of understanding, simplifying, and explaining difficult concepts</li><li>It is based around the idea that one of the most effective techniques to enhance our understanding is to imagine that we're teaching the material to someone who has absolutely no idea about the topic.</li></ul>

The Feynman Technique

<ol><li>Identify the topic </li><li>Teach it to a child </li><li>Identify knowledge gaps </li><li>Simplify</li></ol>

4-steps of the Feynman Technique

When we learn something, it's easy to convince ourselves that we've understood it too. But, are we really learning effectively?

personaldevelopment

Personal Development

strategy

Strategy

problemsolving

Problem Solving

We do not have any time left to stop climate change. The greenhouse gases we've released into the atmosphere will continue to warm our climate for decades. It means glaciers and permafrost will continue to melt, and oceans will warm, acidify, and lose oxygen. This sobering fact doesn't mean that our future is entirely out of our control. Our actions today could mean the difference between bad or disastrous outcomes. Businesses and policymakers can put our world on a more sustainable path.

Taking responsible action

Most of our greenhouse gases come from electricity generation, transportation, and industrial and agricultural use. <ol><li>Electricity. Some renewable energies like wind and centralised solar are cheaper to install than to run existing fossil-fuel generation. We need to invest in less expensive and more efficient long-term battery storage.</li><li>Transportation. Developing new technologies like "green hydrogen" will help.</li><li>Industry and agriculture produce the most greenhouse gases. The lack of incentives prevents companies from doing the right thing.</li></ol>

Decreasing global emissions

Moving past the technological, political and economic challenges requires a drastic move away from the status quo. <ul><li>Individuals have a small role to play (recycling and public transportation). Companies have a huge role to play as they make the bulk of decisions about carbon emissions.</li><li>Sustainability goals need to be integrated throughout organisations, not just in a department or team.</li><li>Investors can pressure companies to improve their carbon footprint, and large companies can pressure suppliers.</li></ul>

A mix of carrots and sticks

We need to dramatically reduce carbon emissions. This will require a new system of incentives.

Discover the world of business and economics.

economics

Economics

business

Business

startup

Startups

What Businesses Must Do to Curtail Climate Change

From installing a heat pump to turning down the heating, there is <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-58967580">a raft of changes around the home that can help the planet </a>."Switching from a gas or oil-powered heating system to an electric heat pump makes a considerable difference," according to Dr Neil Jennings, an academic from Imperial College London.We can change our homes by improving insulation in our walls, ceilings and windows.Draught-proofing is one of the cheapest and most effective ways to save energy, <a href="https://energysavingtrust.org.uk/advice/draught-proofing/">according to the Energy Saving Trust (EST) </a>. This involves blocking up unwanted gaps that let cold air in and warm air out.

1. Insulate your home

From installing a heat pump to turning down the heating, there is <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-58967580">a raft of changes around the home that can help the planet </a>."Switching from a gas or oil-powered heating system to an electric heat pump makes a considerable difference," according to Dr Neil Jennings, an academic from Imperial College London.We can change our homes by improving insulation in our walls, ceilings and windows.Draught-proofing is one of the cheapest and most effective ways to save energy, <a href="https://energysavingtrust.org.uk/advice/draught-proofing/">according to the Energy Saving Trust (EST) </a>. This involves blocking up unwanted gaps that let cold air in and warm air out, such as around windows, doors or skirting boards.

Livestock creates <a href="https://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/197623/icode/">14% of all greenhouse gases </a>, with cattle being by far the largest contributor. Dr Jonathan Foley, who investigates climate change solutions, says you can <a href="https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/how-reduce-food-waste">save money and reduce waste </a>by making smaller portions and saving leftovers for later at home. The world wastes between 25% and 30% of its food, according to the <a href="https://wrap.org.uk/taking-action/food-drink/actions/action-on-food-waste">Waste & Resources Action Programme </a>.

2. Changing The Way We Shop & Eat.

Living car-free might be "the most impactful thing we can do to reduce our transport emissions", according to Dr Jennings. Small steps still have an impact, like walking and cycling to the local shops or sharing car journeys with friends or neighbours. Electric cars are becoming more widespread, but they are still expensive. And it is only truly green travel if the electricity used to power the car comes from green energy sources, such as wind or solar. Low-carbon sources made up <a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1016822/UK_Energy_in_Brief_2021.pdf">58% of the UK's electricity in 2020, including nuclear </a>.

3. Change The Way We Commute Or Travel

Switching to a green energy provider or a green tariff can significantly reduce your household's carbon footprint. But a recent increase in wholesale energy price means many providers have withdrawn their offers.

4. Green Energies

Humanity only has 100 Months to Agree upon and deploy Climate Solutions before Human Extinction becomes A likely inevitability.

Small changes to our lifestyles and choices could limit our personal carbon footprint.

Climate change: Four things you can do about your carbon footprint

Sleep is just one of many types of consciousness we experience, and sleep itself comprises several states of consciousness. Even when we’re sleeping, our brains and bodies continue to work.Sleep is affected by biological rhythms or periodic physiological changes. Biological rhythms are regular, periodic changes in a body’s functioning. There are three types of biological rhythms.

A DEEP DIVE INTO SLEEPING

<ol><li>Circadian Rhythms: biological cycles that occur about every twenty-four hours. Sleep follows a circadian rhythm. Hormone secretion, blood pressure, body temperature, and urine production also have circadian rhythms.</li><li>Infradian Rhythms: biological cycles that take longer than twenty-four hours. For example, women’s menstrual cycles occur about every twenty-eight days.</li><li>Ultradian Rhythms: biological cycles that occur more than once a day. Sleep follows an ultradian rhythm of about ninety minutes as well as a circadian rhythm. Alertness and hormone levels also follow ultradian rhythms.</li></ol>

3 Types Of Biological Rhythms

Biological rhythms usually synchronize with environmental events such as changes in daylight. However, experiments have shown that many biological rhythms continue to have the same cycle even without cues from the environment. Such biological rhythms are Endogenous, which means that they originate from inside the body rather than depend on outside cues.

Endogenous

Endogenous rhythms exist because the body has biological clocks that keep time. Biological clocks can be adjusted by environmental cues, such as changes in temperature.In humans, the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) is the main biological clock that regulates circadian rhythms of sleep. The SCN lies in the brain’s hypothalamus. When light stimulates receptors in the retina of the eye, the receptors send signals to the SCN. The SCN then sends signals to the nearby Pineal Gland, which secretes Melatonin, a hormone that regulates the sleep cycle.

Biological Clocks

Jet lag is the fatigue and disorientation air travelers feel after a long flight. Although traveling itself drains energy, the time change also contributes to fatigue. People experience jet lag when the events in their environment are out of sync with their biological clocks.EXAMPLE: A traveler leaves NYC at eight in the morning and arrives in London about seven hours later. For her, it’s three in the afternoon, but because of the time change, in London it’s eight in the evening. Her body, thinking it’s mid-afternoon, will be confused by the lack of sunlight, and she’ll experience jet lag.

Jet Lag

Although everyone sleeps, no one really knows why people sleep. Researchers have proposed several theories to explain how sleep evolved to be a necessary behavior:<ol><li>People conserve energy by sleeping periodically.</li><li>Sleep has a protective function, as it keeps people tucked away at night, safe from predators.</li><li>Sleep restores body tissues that are depleted during daily activities.</li></ol>

The Function Of Sleep

Sleep research has provided a lot of information about what happens to the brain and body during sleep. Researchers study sleep by monitoring subjects who spend the night in labs, and they use various instruments for different purposes:<ol><li>Electroencephalographs(EEGs): record brain waves</li><li>Electromyographs(EMGs): record muscle activity</li><li>Electrooculographs(EOGs): record eye movements</li><li>Electrocardiographs(EKGs): record the activity of the heart</li></ol>Other instruments monitor breathing, body temperature, and pulse.

Sleep Research 

During one night’s sleep, people pass through several cycles of sleep, each lasting about ninety to one hundred minutes. There are five distinct stages of sleep in each cycle: 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM.

Sleep Stages

<ul><li>When people are relaxed and ready to fall asleep, their EEG will show mostly alpha waves. When people fall asleep, they enter into stage 1 sleep, which lasts just a few minutes. In stage 1, the EEG shows mostly theta waves. Heart rate, breathing rate, and body temperature drop, and muscles relax. Fantasies or bizarre images may float around in the mind.</li><li>After a few minutes of stage 1 sleep, people move into stage 2 sleep. Stage 2 lasts about twenty minutes and is characterized by short bursts of brain waves called Sleep Spindles.</li></ul>

Stages 1 To 4

<ul><li>People then pass into slow-wave sleep, which occurs during stages 3 and 4. In stages 3 and 4, which together last about thirty minutes, the EEG displays mostly delta waves. People in stage 3 and 4 sleep show slow breathing and pulse rates, have limp muscles, and are difficult to rouse.</li></ul>

Most people in stage 4 sleep are still, quiet, and difficult to rouse. Sleepwalkers, however, sometimes become physically active during stage 4. They may get up and walk around their room or even carry on a conversation, take a bath, cook, or go outside and get in their car. Because they are in a deep sleep, most sleepwalkers remember nothing of their actions when they wake up.

Sleepwalking

<ul><li>At the end of stage 4, people go back through the stages in reverse, from stage 4 to 3 to 2 to 1. When they reach stage 1, instead of waking up, people go into REM, or rapid eye movement, sleep. A single cycle might look like this: ' 123432REM '</li><li>REM sleep is a stage of deep sleep in which, paradoxically, brain wave activity resembles that of an alert person. REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep.</li></ul>

REM Sleep

<ul><li>During REM sleep, pulse rate and breathing become irregular, eyes move rapidly under closed lids, and muscles remain very relaxed. Genital arousal also happens during REM. In women, the clitoris becomes swollen with blood, and vaginal lubrication increases. In men, the penis becomes erect. EEGs show mostly beta waves during REM sleep. Although dreaming happens in other sleep stages as well, dreams are most vivid and frequent during REM sleep.</li></ul>

<ul><li>People typically go through about four sleep cycles during one night of sleep. The REM stage of sleep gets longer and longer as the night passes, while stage 3 and 4 sleep gets shorter and shorter. During the night’s first sleep cycle, the REM stage lasts about ten minutes. During the night’s last sleep cycle, people may spend about forty to sixty minutes in REM sleep. Non-REM sleep becomes more shallow as the night goes on, and eventually the sleeper awakens.</li></ul>

Different people need different amounts of sleep. Some people can function with fewer than six hours of sleep a night, while others can’t manage without at least nine hours. Research shows that getting insufficient sleep can have negative effects on health, etc.Experiment subjects who are intentionally deprived of REM sleep tend to enter the REM stage of sleep more and more frequently during the night. After an REM-deprivation experiment has ended, subjects usually experience a REM Rebound effect, spending more time in the REM stage on subsequent nights to make up for lost REM time.

Sleep Deprivation 

Sleep patterns change as people get older. Newborn babies spend about two-thirds of their time in sleep. As people age, they tend to sleep less. The amount of time spent in REM sleep also changes over time. In very young babies, about half of all sleep is REM sleep. As babies get older, the proportion of REM sleep decreases.

Aging and Sleep

<ul><li>Everyone has occasional difficulty sleeping, but some people have Insomnia, a chronic problem with falling or staying asleep. Another kind of sleep disorder is Narcolepsy, which is a tendency to fall asleep periodically during the day. Narcolepsy can be dangerous, as people who experience it may fall asleep while driving or operating machinery.</li></ul>

Sleep Disorders 

<ul><li>Sleep apnea is another condition that can have negative effects on health and safety. People who have Sleep Apnea stop breathing many times during a night’s sleep, and each time they stop breathing, they wake up briefly and gasp for air. This prevents them from getting enough deep sleep, which leads to irritability and sleepiness during the day. Chronic sleep apnea can also result in high blood pressure.</li></ul>

health

Health

States of Consciousness

”That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.”

“Without space, there is no time.”

”What we call 'time' isn't chronological but spatial; what we call 'death' is merely a transition between different kinds of matter.”

“We are finite, in that we are a product and source of the infinite.”

”Across the sea of space, the stars are other suns.”

I will always want to know what is beyond our planet. Hopefully, at some point, humanity will be able to travel and see other worlds.

Love space exploration quotes and quotes about space? Look no further, we have curated the perfect list for you to get into space explorer.

artsandculture

Society, Arts & Culture

Quotes For All Budding Astronauts 

Producing food waste is not just a sign that someone has no disrespect for either the food itself and underprivileged people. Producing food waste can also cause climate change, then, climate change causes eruption or other things that are related to the unusable land.  when the land cannot be used, we would minimize the quantity of food that can be produced by farmers or corporations.  when the quantity is minimized, the price is high. as a result, we would increase the number of hunger in the world. so stop wasting your food

No Food Waste

Food injustice occurred because of capitalism. we cannot eliminate capitalism because it is already in our blood. Nowadays, farmers who produce food are the ones who are hungry. This happened due to 3 factors, firstly, farmers cannot produce food without fertilizer or other necessary components to grow the food, the one who can do this is coorp. secondly, it is hard for them to use traditional ways of farming because they do not have this kind of knowledge. lastly, the young generation has a negative stigma toward farming and does not want to learn.

Feed Anybody that Needs

One of the reasons that hunger still exists is because of capitalism. capitalism exists in brands like KFC, MC Donald, Taco Bell, etc. If we keep buying food from this kind of corporation, not traditional markets, it means that we are causing hunger for some families.  This also means that we have to cook by ourselves, besides healthy, we also can learn to independently provide food without someone's assistance.

Buy from Traditional Market

😎 Conversation with changemakers from circle of youth 

food

Food

How you can reduce hunger cases

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