Scientists haven’t solved this still called “Hard Problem of Consciousness,” and a materialist solution is nowhere in sight. Not for lack of trying. Some, improving on Darwin, insist that chimpanzees really do think like people if you study them enough (no, they don’t). Others claim that artificial intelligence will soon surpass human intelligence. If so, that would be a credit to human intelligence because we created it.

Is The Mind Simply An Organ That Evolved Naturally?

AI capable of thinking like a human would be a philosophical problem, to be sure, because it would mean both that intelligence can create itself and that it can be instantiated in a non-biological form. However, such a development would not demonstrate that human intelligence is a material thing or that it arose from a material thing. If anything, it would more readily suggest the opposite.

Is Human Intelligence A Material Thing?

Neil Thomas, Reader Emeritus in the University of Durham, England and a longtime member of the British Rationalist Association notes the key role neuroscience has played in undermining a purely materialist account of the mind — an unexpected role for neuroscience, perhaps, but that’s what happened:”Neuroscientist Donald Hoffman, who once worked with DNA co-discoverer Francis Crick in attempting to crack the problem of human consciousness, recently conceded that the nature and origins of consciousness remain “completely unsolved” and may best be termed an eternal mystery.”

Undermining The Materialistic Account Of The Mind

The brusque and decidedly no-nonsense Crick was in the event fated to meet his Waterloo when it came to the subject of consciousness, explains Hoffman. Crick had at first attempted to explain it somewhat airily as nothing but an “emergent” property which “naturally” arose when matter reaches a certain level of complexity. However, he was at length obliged to withdraw that vacuous contention, conceding that there is nothing about conscious experience that is relatable to the physical stuff or material of the brain. Consciousness simply lies beyond our empirical perception and cognitive reach.

Consciousness Just Cannot “Arise Naturally” 

Hoffman develops the point further: “At the most microcosmic level the brain consists of subatomic particles which have qualities like mass, spin and charge. There is nothing about these qualities that relates to the qualities associated with consciousness such as thought, taste, pain or anxiety.” To suggest otherwise, continues Hoffman, would be like asserting that numbers might emerge from biscuits or ethics from rhubarb.

Numbers Just Cannot Emerge From Biscuits

Both Hoffman and Crick were finally forced to conclude that all purely physicalist theories of consciousness had failed to provide illumination and that the state of consciousness could not be explained in neurological terms, a conclusion powerfully endorsed for more than three decades by distinguished British neuroscientist Raymond Tallis in his long opposition to what he terms “Darwinitis.”Any physicalist theory of consciousness must reckon with the fact that consciousness deals with information, which is not a material thing and follows different principles from matter and energy.

Darwinitis

One outcome in science today is the rise of panpsychism, the view that all life forms participate in consciousness to at least some minimal. Panpsychism attracts many because it allows consciousness to be real rather than illusory (as per physicalism) but it remains in the same general thought world as, say, Hoffman — though not that of Richard Dawkins. Wallace himself, as Hoffman notes, came to embrace a sort of natural theology. He contributed to a number of streams of early twentieth-century thought, as Michael Flannery’s book Nature’s Prophet details.

Panpsychism

The bottom line seems to be that we are not only ignorant but, alas, prostrate in our ignorance of the brain’s arcana. Theoretically, of course, there may yet emerge an as yet undiscovered materialist explanation for the brain and human consciousness. But to date we must conclude that today’s science cannot with integrity support such a claim on the evidence presently available.In any event, neuroscience today could marshall as many arguments in support of Wallace’s view of the human mind than of Darwin’s.

Natural Selection Vs Natural Thrology

Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) share the credit, technically, for the theory of evolution by natural selection but Darwin became the icon. One reason they parted ways was that Wallace did not agree with Darwin that the human mind was simply an organ that evolved naturally, like any other. There had to be something more to it.

Philosopher Neil Thomas points out how neuroscience today has undermined a purely materialist account of the mind — an unexpected role but that’s what happened.

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The Battle Over the Human Mind That Split Two Great Thinkers

The farthest Human settlement which is constantly under Human interaction, is the International Space Station (ISS)Established in almost 2000 and has been occupied and monitored by humans ever since

The Farthest Human Settlement

The farthest Humans have ever been in this vastness, is not so vast... We have only landed on our own moon since the start of the space ageThe farthest Humans went was during the Apollo missions, specifically the one, in which the astronauts landed on the opposite side of the moon, making it the farthest Humans ever went.

The Farthest Humans Ever Went

The farthest moving ground robot Humans have sent is to our neighbour, Mars... We have sent many rovers on Mars, most popular being Spirit, Opportunity, Curiosity, And the latest Perseverance RoversThe perseverance rover also had a companion helicopter called ingenuity that made the first flight on another celestial body

The Farthest Moving Ground Robot

The farthest we have Ever landed on any celestial body is Saturn's moon TitanWhile the Cassini huygens mission, the Cassini probe detached its companion Huygens probe into the atmosphere of Titan, where it slowly descended onto its surface and shows us the pictures and info of Titan... It was immovable though... Sadly

The Farthest Ground Touching Satellite

The farthest object ever visited by a flyby was a peanut shaped asteroid in the Kuiper beltAfter visiting the dwarf planet Venus, the New Horizons satellite went on its journey to the asteroid and sent us it's pictures and data. It is the farthest Humans ever visited.

The Farthest Celestial Body Visited

Launched with great plans is the Voyager 1 in the last centuryIt visited the outer planets and sent us their info, and then, by their gravity also got an astonishing speed that allowed them to reach the escape velocity of the sun. Right now Voyager 1 has left the solar system officially and 150 AU away from EarthIt is still in contact and is expected to lose contact with us in the next 5 or 6 years... It will then keep drifting away in the dark empty space all aloneBut, it has a Golden disc with sounds and images of Earth, with the hope that some aliens will find it one day & know about us :)

The Farthest Any Artificial Object Ever Went 

What are the farthest things humanity has achieved in space... Let's find out

Humanity's farthest Milestones

The planet is massively covered with Ocean of water. But this comes as 4 times the mass of the earth. As the ocean accounts for a depth of 11 km on Earth, on this planet it is at a depth of 100 km. Due to such a large distance and high pressure at the very depth of the ocean, the water gets converted into ICE 7. This ice is different as it doesn't melt and isn't cold as compared to ours. Scientists had a quarrel about existence of living species, as there could be a microbial life at very bottom.

GJ1214-b - The Sphere Of Ocean

Situated atleast 63 lightyears away from Earth, it is actually bigger than Jupiter, remains surrounded by gas clouds manifesting blue and white swirls over the planet.In astronomy the planet is famous for its silica rains and glass storms. It is known to have a wind speed of 5400 mph and a extreme temperature of 930 °C. Any astronauts won't be able to survive this harsh weather.

HD189773-b - The Glass Hurricanes

The blistering red lava planet is a rocky sphere covered entirely with magma. The exoplanet is semi exposed to the sun and the rest remains in the dark. Thus, the temperature shots from 177°C to 2600°C.This is planet is also known as the tombing zone, as at such a high temperature the rocks with some different composition vaporise and become clouds shower rocks on the other side, which cloud precisely be deadly.

COROT-7b - Boulder Bashing Rains 

Also known as the evil twin planet, it is mainly 67 million miles away from the Sun. The Venus has gravity which 100 times as if the Earth, if so any human steps onto the planet, it will get squashed immediately.The planet is well-known for its appearance due to the presence of Sulphuric Acid clouds, also the wind speeds are same as of to the Earth that is 224 mph.

VENUS - The Acid Giant 

The moon of Saturn is circumvented since 2005 by astronomists. The moon has the size 1.19 times of Earth. It has a extreme temperature of -179°C. The planet contains dense clouds of liquid Methane which is deadly for any human.But significantly 20% of the planet is contained with Natural Gas which is mainly 100 times the amount which is present on the earth. Hence, for somebody like Elon Musk this could have been the bulls-eye planet than Mars.

Titan - The Dream Of Any Oil Entrepreneur 

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<ul><li>Being one of the oldest civilizations in the world, India has rich history and culture as well as a long and solid scientific and technological tradition.</li><li> Thus, it is not surprising that India gave many important inventions to the world</li></ul>

Inventions In India Or By Indians!

<ul><li>Buttons were used for the first time in Mohenjo-daro, the civilization of the Indus Valley, with an ornamental purpose 2000 BC About 5,000 years ago. </li><li>The first buttons were made of shells and had two holes in the middle</li></ul>

1. Buttons

<ul><li>Created under the name Chaturaṅga which translates as 'the four divisions', meaning infantry, cavalry, elephantry, and chariotry, represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook during the Gupta Empire in the 6th century.</li></ul>

2. Chess

<ul><li>Made of ivory, the oldest ruler was discovered in the Indus Valley civilization and date back to the year 1500 BC. </li><li>The subdivisions of the decimal system are surprisingly accurate.</li><li> One such specimen was even calibrated to 1/16 of an inch—less than 2 millimetres.</li><li> These kinds of rulers were clearly very prominent, as even bricks of the valley’s buildings were found to follow the same measurements. </li></ul>

3. Ruler

<ul><li>The English word Shampoo is derived from the word chāmpo which comes from the Sanskrit word ‘Chapayati’, meaning massage or knead. </li></ul>It was initially used as a hair massage for the provincial governors of Bengal during the Mughal Empire of India, in 1762.

4. Shampoo

Nobel Prize winner Guglielmo Marconi whose predecessor in connection with the development of wireless telegraphy was the scientist Jagadish Chandra Bose, who conducted a public demonstration of microwave transmission in Calcutta in 1895.

5. Wireless Communication

<ul><li>The concept of zero as a number and not just as a symbol or an empty space of separation occurred in the ninth century BC, where it came to be used in calculus and arithmetic. </li><li>In the middle of the year 458, after Christ, the Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata created the symbol for zero, and thanks to it, this number was recognized worldwide as a suitable digit.</li></ul>

. Zero

<ul><li>Indian physician Sushruta was the first to surgically operate on cataracts, as early as the 6th century.</li><li> The fame was so wide that not only Chinese scientists, but also Greeks, travelled to India to get operations done and learn about their techniques. </li><li>The same doctor was a pioneer in cosmetic surgery, based on local practices, which dated back to 2000 BC</li></ul>

7. Cataract surgery and cosmetic surgery

<ul><li>Until the discovery of diamond mines in Brazil, in the 18th century, and for more than 5000 years ago, central India was the only source of diamonds in the world.</li></ul>

8. Diamond Mines

<ul><li>Various ancient civilizations and cultures independently discovered different ink techniques for writing. </li><li>However, the Indians were the first to use carbon pigments, in the so-called musi ink. </li><li>This technique was already widely used in southern India in the fourth century BC.</li></ul>

9. Ink

<ul><li>Fortune magazine named Narinder Singh Kapany an Indian-American physicist as one of the seven greatest unsung heroes of mankind for his invention of fibre optics. </li><li>He is also known as the ‘Father of Fiber Optics’ for his pioneering work in Fiber Optics technology.</li></ul>

10. Fiber optics

<ul><li>Ayurvedic medicine is considered to be the oldest health science, originated in India about 5000 years ago. </li><li>Ayurveda literally means "science of life". It is a word with 2 Sanskrit roots – AYU, meaning “life”, and VEDA, “knowledge or science”.</li><li> Ayurveda originated in the Vedas, the oldest literature in the world.</li></ul>

11. Ayurveda

<ul><li>A man with much praise, Ajay V. Bhatt an American-Indian computer architect made the USB, a small removable storage device that is capable of holding a large amount of storage and data transfer and is easy to carry and use. </li><li>The USB port he developed was adapted and developed by tech giants, such as Apple and Microsoft. Even so, he did not make a dime from his invention</li><li> Ajay said that he didn't want to do anything for money, but wanted to bring about change and innovation in technology.</li></ul>

12. The USB (Universal Serial Bus) 

<ul><li>It is a physical and mental discipline that is practised by millions of people worldwide for living a healthy and peaceful life but not many know that Yoga was actually introduced by Indians. </li><li>The first forms of yoga would have taken place between 10,000 and 5,000 BC.</li></ul>

13. Yoga

The Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was the first to prove the existence of water on the Moon, in September 2009. The discovery of lunar water is attributed to the Chandrayaan mission.

14.Existence of Water on the Moon

Being one of the oldest civilizations in the world, it is not surprising that India gave many important inventions to the world. Here 15 most amazing inventions and discoveries that actually were invented in India or by Indians:

15 Greatest Inventions You Probably Didn’t Know Were Actually Invented By Indians Or In India

The second as we know it was one introduced in the late 1500s when the Gregorian calendar began to spread across the globe alongside British colonialism. The Gregorian calendar defined a day as a single revolution of the Earth about its axis. A day could be divided into 24 hours, each hour into 60 minutes, and each minute into 60 seconds. Yet, the second was more a mathematical idea than a useful unit of time.

The history of the second

The second only became important when society became interconnected through fast-moving railways where cities needed to agree on exact timekeeping. By the 1950s, several global systems required every second to be accounted for with as much precision as possible.  Today, devices are synchronised to help us maintain a globally consistent time, from radio signal transmitters to satellites for global positioning systems.

The growing importance of the second

As early as 1955, researchers started to develop atomic clocks, which relied on the laws of physics to establish a new foundation for timekeeping. An atom consists of negatively charged electrons orbiting a positively charged nucleus at a consistent frequency. You can lightly disturb an electron's orientation if you expose an atom to an electromagnetic field such as light or radio waves. If you briefly tweak an electron at the right frequency, the vibration will resemble a ticking pendulum and can tick for centuries.

Atomic clocks

Before timekeeping could go fully atomic, countries had to decide which atom would work best.  At the Thirteenth General Conference of the International Committee for Weights and Measures in 1967, researchers decided on Cesium-133. The element conformed to the following specifications:<ul><li>It had a long-lived and high-frequency electron oscillation for precise, long-term timekeeping.</li><li>It maintained a reliably measurable quantum spin </li><li>It could easily vaporise.</li></ul>

Finding the right element

Determining how many ticks of a caesium atom were in a second, the conference used the most precise astronomical measurement of a second available at the time.  They started with the number of days in a year and divided it down. Compared to the atom’s ticking rate, one second was defined as exactly 9,192,631,770 ticks of a caesium-133 atom.

The cesium standard

Discover how scientists developed atomic clocks, which use the vibrations of atoms to measure and maintain a globally consistent time. -- In 1967, researchers gathered to answer a long-running scientific question: just how long is a second? It might seem obvious at first. A second is the tick of a clock, the swing of a pendulum, the time it takes to count to one. But how precise are those measurements? And what is that length based on? John Kitching digs into how we scientifically define this fundamental unit of time. Lesson by John Kitching, directed by Tjoff Koong. Support Our Non-Profit Mission ---------------------------------------------- Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop ---------------------------------------------- Connect With Us ---------------------------------------------- Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram ---------------------------------------------- Keep Learning ---------------------------------------------- View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/who-decides-how-long-a-second-is-john-kitching Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/who-decides-how-long-a-second-is-john-kitching#digdeeper Animator's website: http://greenhouseanimation.com/directors/tjoff-koong/ ---------------------------------------------- Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Po Foon Kwong, NinjaBoffin, Jesse Jurman, Josue Perez Miranda, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, Lawrence Wu, Xavier Dupont, Aravind Battaje, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, John Hong, Annastasshia Ames, Sebastiaan Hols, Aries SW, Amy Lopez, Liz Candee, Kathryn Vacha, Anthony Arcis, Jeffrey Segrest, Karmi Nguyen, Yelena Baykova, Harshita Jagdish Sahijwani, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Mohamed Elsayed, Les Howard, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Abhishek Bansal, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Charles A Hershberger, Robert Seik, Heidi Stolt, Alexis Hevia, Brady Jones, Christina Salvatore, Karlee Finch, Michael Goldberg, Mario Mejia, Nicolas Silva, Kurt Almendras, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry and Kristiyan Bonev.

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Discover how scientists developed atomic clocks, which use the vibrations of atoms to measure and maintain a globally consistent time. 

--

In 1967, researchers gathered to answer a long-running scientific question: just how long is a second? It might seem obvious at first. A second is the tick of a clock, the swing of a pendulum, the time it takes to count to one. But how precise are those measurements? And what is that length based on? John Kitching digs into how we scientifically define this fundamental unit of time.

Lesson by John Kitching, directed by Tjoff Koong.

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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Po Foon Kwong, NinjaBoffin, Jesse Jurman, Josue Perez Miranda, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, Lawrence Wu, Xavier Dupont, Aravind Battaje, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, John Hong, Annastasshia Ames, Sebastiaan Hols, Aries SW, Amy Lopez, Liz Candee, Kathryn Vacha, Anthony Arcis, Jeffrey Segrest, Karmi Nguyen, Yelena  Baykova, Harshita Jagdish Sahijwani, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Mohamed Elsayed, Les Howard, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Abhishek Bansal, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Charles A Hershberger, Robert Seik, Heidi Stolt, Alexis Hevia, Brady Jones, Christina Salvatore, Karlee Finch, Michael Goldberg, Mario Mejia, Nicolas Silva, Kurt Almendras, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry and Kristiyan Bonev.

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Who decides how long a second is? - John Kitching

Humans have an innate language instinct, which allows them to tackle communication on a whole other level.<ul><li>Since children learn grammar without studying it, they must have an innate capability to understand it.</li><li>There are two central principles behind all languages, which make them learnable.</li><li>You don’t have to worry about correct grammar so much, as its rules are only one part of using language correctly.</li></ul>

A Natural At Learning Languages

<ul><li> Language is the biological adaptation to communicate.</li><li> There have been anthropological studies of tribes that had no contact with the larger world until the 1920s. Among those tribes, language was acquired seamlessly, without specific instruction. </li><li>The human capacity for language is termed by the author as “Mentalese.” </li><li>Humans acquired language through their biology. This innate possession of language a “Universal Grammar.”</li><li>This proclamation ran counter to the social science theories of the time, which contended that language had to be deliberately taught by adults.</li></ul>

Defining Language

Since children learn languages as early as 18 months old, but can only learn from observing adults that do it the right way, they have no way of actively telling what’s right from wrong – they’re not studying languages, they just absorb them.Yet they still apply the right rules at the right time. For example, even deaf children apply the correct grammar, just by learning sign language from their parents.

Early Instinct

Children have a “window” for maximum language learning, while adults tend to have trouble learning a second language. This window must exist because children around four years old learn grammar and vocabulary so quickly; this exponential learning cannot be explained by adult intervention or guidance. Language learning can be encouraged, and children must be in a social environment to absorb language, but the exact words they remember and the grammar they display probably has a biological basis.

The Window To Learn A Language

All languages are based on the same two core principles.How come we can talk so effortlessly to one another? What is it about language that makes it so easy to communicate with it? There are two forces at play here:<ul><li>The arbitrariness of the sign.</li><li>Our infinite use of finite media.</li></ul>

The Two Core Principles

The form words take doesn’t have a direct relation to their meaning.For example the word “cat” doesn’t sound like a cat. The sound cats make is “meow” and they’re silent when they walk, whereas “cat” is a pretty strong, snappy, short and loud word.This is a good thing, because it keeps us from trying to decipher what the word “cat” means by thinking about the way it sounds and instead lets us jump instantly to the result, because we’ve paired the word with the image through generations of rote learning instead.

Signs Are Arbitrary

This principle allows us to express anything and everything, because even though the number of words in any given language is limited, the number of combinations of words isn’t. Since we use the rules of grammar to create our own sentences, we’re not limited in how much we can express, which makes it easier to get your point across.

Infinite Use Of Finite Media

Grammar is a crucial part of language, and it pays to know it well. However, while you’d be punished horribly in school in the 1920s for bad grammar, today it’s not such a big deal, mainly because grammar rules are only one type of rules that determine how well you use language.Grammar rules are prescriptive, which means they tell us how we’re supposed to talk or write. More and more though, scientists are concerned with descriptive rules, which describe how we actually talk.

Grammar Is Getting Worse, But It's Okay

You can be very much descriptively correct with your grammar, while being wrong in a prescriptive sense, just like a driver can follow the rules of physics in his car while breaking the laws of the country he’s driving in. Correct grammar is very much a relative thing, so don’t stress too much about it!

The Right Grammar Is Subjective

The theory that language is an instinct has opened up the possibility that humans have had access to language learning for about 2.5 million years. There are specific genes and regions of the brain that develop to allow the individual to practice language.While popular media accounts claim that chimpanzees can learn American Sign Language, most data suggest that chimpanzees are not mentally wired to acquire language. They lack the language instinct that humans possess.

Our Brains Are Hard-Wired For Learning Language

The audible signals people can produce are not a series of crisp beeps like on a touch-tone phone. Speech is a river of breath, bent into hisses and hums by the soft flesh of the mouth and throat.

Humans are so innately hardwired for language that they can no more suppress their ability to learn and use language than they can suppress the instinct to pull a hand back from a hot surface.

 We are born with an innate capability to understand languages.

The classic book on the development of human language by the world’s leading expert on language and the mind. In this classic, the world's expert on language and mind lucidly explains everything you always wanted to know about language: how it works, how children learn it, how it changes, how the brain computes it, and how it evolved. With deft use of examples of humor and wordplay, Steven Pinker weaves our vast knowledge of language into a compelling story: language is a human instinct, wired into our brains by evolution. The Language Instinct received the William James Book Prize from the American Psychological Association and the Public Interest Award from the Linguistics Society of America. This edition includes an update on advances in the science of language since The Language Instinct was first published.

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"A brilliant, witty, and altogether satisfying book." — New York Times Book ReviewThe classic work on the development of human language by the world’s leading expert on language and the mindIn The Language Instinct, the world's expert on language and mind lucidly explains everything you always wanted to know about language: how it works, how children learn it, how it changes, how the brain computes it, and how it evolved. With deft use of examples of humor and wordplay, Steven Pinker weaves our vast knowledge of language into a compelling story: language is a human instinct, wired into our brains by evolution. The Language Instinct received the William James Book Prize from the American Psychological Association and the Public Interest Award from the Linguistics Society of America. This edition includes an update on advances in the science of language since The Language Instinct was first published.

Steven Arthur Pinker is a Canadian-American cognitive psychologist, psycholinguist, popular science author, and public intellectual. He is an advocate of evolutionary psychology and the computational theory of mind.

Steven Pinker

The Language Instinct

The least appreciated animals, in my opinion, are ants. Consider all the qualities that endear us to the large African creatures; many of them are shared by ants. They pursue prey that is larger to their relative size than even lions since they are extremely social, incredibly strong, active all day, and observed in larger numbers than wildebeest. Plus, they are fairly simple to locate.

Ants Are Underrated 

Over 200 ant species from various lineages are referred to as "army ants" in this context. Numerous ants forage simultaneously over a small area in large numbers thanks to their aggressive predatory foraging groups, or "raids." Foraging termites are devoured by honeypot ants. When two colonies encounter the same group of these fat prey, the ants congregate at a spot known as a tournament, where the workers from each colony circle one another while standing tall on their legs. When one group starts to look too huge, its members quickly flee.

Like An Army

Farming isn’t done by humans alone. It may seem unusual, yet it is the case. Farming is also practiced by other ant species, but on a lower scale. Just in a different way, apterostigma, or fungus-growing ants, also grow food. Apterostigma ants reside with their fungal garden in a small hole or sheltered place." The ants carry seeds, insect droppings, or other detritus and deposit it on the mushroom growth in these particular areas, which are frequently found in or beneath logs. But despite how messy it all seems, the ants maintain their garden.

Farming And Agriculture 

Our ability to comprehend species of organisms depends on our understanding of the evolutionary processes that result in biological diversity and our ability to create useful tools for species identification. It is essential for both biologists and the general public to comprehend what species are and how to recognise them. Understanding animals like ants helps us realise that there are extremely intelligent beings living among us. Perhaps intelligence is the insects we find in our back gardens and not some cyborg.

You Think So What? 

Humans aren't the only farmers. Ants have evolved to cultivate their own crops.

Why Do Ants Farm?

Dark Energy and Dark Matter are two of the most interesting components of our universe. Although they may sound the same, they have some key differences which separate them from each other. Today, I will be showing and explaining these very important distinctions, as well as explaining a similarity that they share.

What is Dark Energy and Dark Matter?

Dark Energy, in contrast to Dark Matter, makes up 69.5% of all matter and is responsible for the expansion of our universe. For reference, all other visible matter makes up 0.5% of the universe.The interesting component of Dark Energy is that it behaves oppositely to that of Gravity. In other words, it exerts a repulsive force instead of an attractive force. This is the main reason why we can say that the universe is expanding. Without Dark Energy, the universe wouldn’t have the capability to expand at all.

Dark Energy

Dark Matter, although in considerably less abundance than Dark Energy, still makes up 30% of our universe.Dark Matter is an attractive force, similar to that of gravity, which holds matter together.Dark Matter plays a vital role in the formation of galaxies. This is primarily because of the fact that Dark Matter acts as an Invisible Glue that can hold galaxies together.

Dark Matter

Despite the fact that both Dark Energy and Dark Matter are opposite in nature, there is one thing that is common between them: invisibility. Neither Dark Matter nor Dark Energy reflect, emit, or absorb ANY sort of light. This is the main reason why they both are incredibly difficult to detect.What this means is that they are both completely hidden, and the only way that we, as humans, know of their presence is through their effect on the Gravity.

Similarity

Over time, various astronomers have studied supernovae and distant galaxies in order to observe the expansion of the universe. While researching, these scientists still had a set of expectations. One of these expectations was that the universe expanded at a constant rate.Much to their surprise, they noticed that the universe was expanding exponentially. This is very significant because up until now, scientists were under the assumption that the universe was not able to expanding this rapidly.Dark Energy serves as the reason why the universe is expanding exponentially and not linearly.

Research

To conclude:Dark Matter is an attractive force that holds matter together while Dark Energy is a repulsive force that pushes matter outwards.They both are very difficult to detect because they don’t emit, absorb, or reflect light at all. Despite this, they are still very widely researched. Scientists we able to uncover that the universe is expanding exponentially instead of linearly due to the abundance of Dark Energy.Overall, Dark Matter and Dark Energy are some of the most interesting occurrences in our universe, and we still have much to learn about them.

Conclusion

Articles:<ul><li><a href="https://astronomy.com/news/2020/03/whats-the-difference-between-dark-matter-and-dark-energy">https://astronomy.com/news/2020/03/whats-the-difference-between-dark-matter-and-dark-energy</a></li><li><a href="https://phys.org/news/2015-03-dark.html">https://phys.org/news/2015-03-dark.html</a></li></ul>Videos:<ul><li><a href="https://youtu.be/AAhWLN2qHGs">https://youtu.be/AAhWLN2qHGs</a></li><li><a href="https://youtu.be/QAa2O_8wBUQ">https://youtu.be/QAa2O_8wBUQ</a></li></ul>

Additional Resources

Dark Energy and Dark Matter are two of the most interesting phenomena in the universe. Today we will be exploring what they are and how they are fundamentally different from one another.

All the atoms and light in the universe together make up less than five percent of the total contents of the cosmos. The rest is composed of dark matter and dark energy, which are invisible but dominate the structure and evolution of the universe. Dark matter makes up most of the mass of galaxies and galaxy clusters, and is responsible for the way galaxies are organized on grand scales. Dark energy, meanwhile, is the name we give the mysterious influence driving the accelerated expansion of the universe. What these substances are and how they work are some of the major challenges facing modern astronomers.

Dark Energy and Dark Matter

Antioxidants are chemicals that interfere with oxidation.In the context of a healthy diet, antioxidants are substances found in food items that help shield biological molecules such as DNA from this potentially destructive activity:<ul><li>These substances include vitamins like vitamin C and vitamin E, trace elements such as selenium and zinc, and other common plant compounds such as lycopene and flavonoids.</li><li>A diet that includes a reasonable mix of fruit, nuts, vegetables, and mushrooms should contain sufficient antioxidants to guard our cellular machinery against oxidative stress. </li></ul>

What Are Antioxidants?

Oxidative damage occurs when an electron is stolen from an important biochemical structure, such as a base in a genetic code or the amino acids making up proteins. Simple changes to DNA <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_oxidation">can transform a base </a>into something different, altering its behavior so it no longer spells out the same sequence. While our bodies have repair mechanisms that can account for these damaging changes, as we age the problems can pile up. Mutations get missed, aggregations of proteins build, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5927356/">and risks </a>of diseases like <a href="https://www.sciencealert.com/cancer">cancer </a>or even neurodegenerative conditions like <a href="https://www.sciencealert.com/parkinsons-disease">Parkinson's </a>increase.

How does oxidation harm our bodies?

Our bodies naturally produce a range of chemical products called free radicals as a consequence of typical metabolic processes.To deal with these reactive species, our bodies also produce enzymes with antioxidant properties, like superoxide dismutase. But our environment can also be a source of free radicals. Absorbing pollutants, including cigarette smoke and toxic metals, can overwhelm our bodies' home-grown defenses and increase oxidative damage.

What causes oxidative stress?

Between our own enzymes and the antioxidants we collect in our diet, our body is as well prepared for keeping a lid on oxidative stress as it can be.Unfortunately, adding more antioxidants to the mix isn't the solution we might imagine. <ul><li>More importantly, studies over the decades have found no sign that antioxidant supplements can reduce risks of ill health or combat aging.</li></ul>Further research is needed to figure out why supplementary antioxidants don't seem to reduce oxidative stress in the body and what possibly can.

Do you need antioxidant supplements?


Antioxidants are chemicals that interfere with oxidation – the process where an atom or molecule loses some electrons due to a chemical reaction.

food

Food

personaldevelopment

Personal Development

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Health

What Are Antioxidants, And Do You Need to Take Them as Supplements?

Whether stranded in the woods, the mountains, or on a deserted island, the first thing to do is to signal for rescue.<ul><li>Use your resources to signal any ships or planes that might pass by.</li><li> If no-one comes, take steps to avoid injury. Your feet are the most important and vulnerable tools for survival. Boots can protect you from cutting your feet as you explore.</li><li>Find fresh water. Humans can't live without water for more than ten days. You need at least 1 litre of water per day to survive. If you have to choose between dehydration and unfiltered water, take your chances with the water.</li></ul>

What to do if you’re stranded in the wilderness

<ul><li>If you're close to the sea, you can convert salt water to fresh. Fill a can with salt water, then put a second container over the can. This will collect the freshwater that evaporates out of the can.</li><li>Look for signs of life such as vegetation, birds, and insects. It can all mean you are nearby water sources.</li><li>Roots, vegetables and cacti all contain water. Mashing them with a rock will release some liquid.</li><li>Water flows downhill, so check low-terrain canyons and mountain basis for a water source.</li><li>Morning dew can be collected with a cloth before sunrise and then wrung out.</li></ul>

Finding water

Fish juices, blood, alcohol, seawater and urine will dehydrate you, which is the opposite of what you want. It can also trigger low blood pressure, which can damage vital organs like your heart, lungs, and kidneys.

What not to drink

<ul><li>Create a dry patch of ground about 4 feet wide. Build a ring of rocks or dig down a few inches to keep the fire insulated. </li><li>Then use paper, dry grass or pine needles as tinder. Pile loosely in the centre and top with kindling. If the kindling isn’t dry enough, you will need more tinder.</li><li>If you have a lighter or matches, ignite the tinder and gently blow on the fire. If you don’t have a lighter, you need to use friction to create an ember or can use a lens to harness the sun’s light. </li><li>Once you have a healthy flame, arrange firewood in a tepee shape. Ensure to keep feeding your fire.</li></ul>

Know how to build a fire

It’s impossible to drown in quicksand because humans will float in it. However, once disturbed, quicksand becomes more viscous, trapping whatever it develops.  To get out, wiggle your legs to create a pocket for water to trickle down. This will loosen the sand around your legs. Then lay back. The more you distribute your weight across the surface, the harder it will be to sink. Then use a backstroke to propel yourself backwards. When you reach solid ground, roll away from the quicksand.

Quicksand

There's a lot of information about how to stay alive if you are trapped in a survival scenario. You don't have to watch all of them. Just this one. The top three ways of dying in the wilderness are falling, drowning and heart attack. Having a plan could be a strategy that saves your life. Staying uninjured, finding clean water and a way back to civilization are all paramount to survival. MORE SURVIVAL CONTENT: How Long It Takes To Get Frostbite https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4rzk13utRtM How To Survive A Shark Attack, According To A Shark Researcher https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SLjrw9fzVcY The Deadliest Venomous Animals In The World https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uMR5nvvA3W8 ------------------------------------------------------ #Survival #Wilderness #ScienceInsider Science Insider tells you all you need to know about science: space, medicine, biotech, physiology, and more. Visit us at: https://www.businessinsider.com Science Insider on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BusinessInsiderScience/ Science Insider on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/science_insider/ Business Insider on Twitter: https://twitter.com/businessinsider Tech Insider on Twitter: https://twitter.com/techinsider Business Insider/Tech Insider on Amazon Prime: http://read.bi/PrimeVideo 7 Tips That Could Save Your Life If You Get Lost In The Wilderness

7 Tips That Could Save Your Life If You Get Lost In The Wilderness

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