Your brain does not process information, retrieve knowledge or store memories. In short: your brain is not a computer. <a href="https://aeon.co/users/robert-epstein">Robert Epstein</a> is a senior research psychologist at the American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology in California. He is the author of 15 books, and the former editor-in-chief of Psychology Today.

Brain is not a Computer

No matter how hard they try, brain scientists and cognitive psychologists will never find a copy of Beethoven’s 5th Symphony in the brain – or copies of words, pictures, grammatical rules or any other kinds of environmental stimuli.The human brain isn’t really empty, of course. But it does not contain most of the things people think it does – not even simple things such as ‘memories’.

No Memories

Our shoddy thinking about the brain has deep historical roots, but the invention of computers in the 1940s got us especially confused.For more than half a century now, psychologists, linguists, neuroscientists and other experts on human behaviour have been asserting that the human brain works like a computer.To see how vacuous this idea is, consider the brains of babies. Thanks to evolution, human neonates, like the newborns of all other mammalian species, enter the world prepared to interact with it effectively.

Historical Roots

A baby’s vision is blurry, but it pays special attention to faces, and is quickly able to identify its mother’s. It prefers the sound of voices to non-speech sounds, and can distinguish one basic speech sound from another. We are, without doubt, built to make social connections. A healthy newborn is also equipped with more than a dozen reflexes – ready-made reactions to certain stimuli that are important for its survival.It turns its head in the direction of something that brushes its cheek and then sucks whatever enters its mouth.

 Social Connections

It holds its breath when submerged in water. It grasps things placed in its hands so strongly it can nearly support its own weight.Perhaps most important, newborns come equipped with powerful learning mechanisms that allow them to change rapidly so they can interact increasingly effectively with their world, even if that world is unlike the one their distant ancestors faced.Senses, reflexes and learning mechanisms – this is what we start with, and it is quite a lot, when you think about it. If we lacked any of these capabilities at birth, we would probably have trouble surviving.

Learning Mechanisms

But here is what we are not born with: information, data, rules, software, knowledge, lexicons, representations, algorithms, programs, models, memories, images, processors, subroutines, encoders, decoders, symbols, or buffers – design elements that allow digital computers to behave somewhat intelligently. Not only are we not born with such things, we also don’t develop them – ever. We don’t store words or the rules that tell us how to manipulate them.

Not Born With ...

We don’t create representations of visual stimuli, store them in a short-term memory buffer, and then transfer the representation into a long-term memory device. We don’t retrieve information or images or words from memory registers. Computers do all of these things, but organisms do not.Computers, quite literally, process information – numbers, letters, words, formulas, images. The information first has to be encoded into a format computers can use, which means patterns of ones and zeroes (‘bits’) organised into small chunks (‘bytes’).

Bits & Bytes

On my computer, each byte contains 8 bits, and a certain pattern of those bits stands for the letter d, another for the letter o, and another for the letter g. Side by side, those three bytes form the word dog. One single image – say, the photograph of my cat Henry on my desktop – is represented by a very specific pattern of a million of these bytes (‘one megabyte’), surrounded by some special characters that tell the computer to expect an image, not a word.Computers, quite literally, move these patterns from place to place in different physical storage areas etched into electronic components.

Three Bytes Form the Word Dog

Sometimes they also copy the patterns, and sometimes they transform them in various ways – say, when we are correcting errors in a manuscript or when we are touching up a photograph. The rules computers follow for moving, copying and operating on these arrays of data are also stored inside the computer. Together, a set of rules is called a ‘program’ or an ‘algorithm’. A group of algorithms that work together to help us do something (like buy stocks or find a date online) is called an ‘application’ – what most people now call an ‘app’.

App is an Application

Forgive me for this introduction to computing, but I need to be clear: computers really do operate on symbolic representations of the world. They really store and retrieve. They really process. They really have physical memories. They really are guided in everything they do, without exception, by algorithms.Humans, on the other hand, do not – never did, never will. Given this reality, why do so many scientists talk about our mental life as if we were computers?

Our Mental Life

In his book In Our Own Image (2015), the artificial intelligence expert George Zarkadakis describes six different metaphors people have employed over the past 2,000 years to try to explain human intelligence.In the earliest one, eventually preserved in the Bible, humans were formed from clay or dirt, which an intelligent god then infused with its spirit. That spirit ‘explained’ our intelligence – grammatically, at least.

Six Different Metaphors

The invention of hydraulic engineering in the 3rd century BCE led to the popularity of a hydraulic model of human intelligence, the idea that the flow of different fluids in the body – the ‘humours’ – accounted for both our physical and mental functioning. The hydraulic metaphor persisted for more than 1,600 years, handicapping medical practice all the while.By the 1500s, automata powered by springs and gears had been devised, eventually inspiring leading thinkers such as René Descartes to assert that humans are complex machines.

Humans Are Complex Machines

In the 1600s, the British philosopher Thomas Hobbes suggested that thinking arose from small mechanical motions in the brain. By the 1700s, discoveries about electricity and chemistry led to new theories of human intelligence – again, largely metaphorical in nature. In the mid-1800s, inspired by recent advances in communications, the German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz compared the brain to a telegraph.

The Brain Like a Telegraph

The mathematician John von Neumann stated flatly that the function of the human nervous system is ‘prima facie digital’, drawing parallel after parallel between the components of the computing machines of the day and the components of the human brain.Each metaphor reflected the most advanced thinking of the era that spawned it. Predictably, just a few years after the dawn of computer technology in the 1940s, the brain was said to operate like a computer, with the role of physical hardware played by the brain itself and our thoughts serving as software.

Prima Facie Digital

The landmark event that launched what is now broadly called ‘cognitive science’ was the publication of Language and Communication (1951) by the psychologist George Miller. Miller proposed that the mental world could be studied rigorously using concepts from information theory, computation and linguistics.This kind of thinking was taken to its ultimate expression in the short book The Computer and the Brain (1958), in which the mathematician John von Neumann stated flatly that the function of the human nervous system is ‘prima facie digital’.

Cognitive Science

Although he acknowledged that little was actually known about the role the brain played in human reasoning and memory, he drew parallel after parallel between the components of the computing machines of the day and the components of the human brain.

The Role of the Brain

Your brain does not process information, retrieve knowledge or store memories. In short: your brain is not a computer

sciencefiction

Science Fiction

problemsolving

Problem Solving

creativity

Creativity

artificialintelligence

Artificial Intelligence

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

Your brain does not process information and it is not a computer | Aeon Essays

Future humans terraform a planet and, through an unfortunate accident, infect it with a nano-virus that significantly accelerate the evolution of spiders. With their new found biological advantages, the spiders evolve from a species of lonely predators into a space traveling civilisation.While the spiders were on the fast track of evolution, we follow the wondering of the last humans, traveling in an ark-ship called Ghilghames, in search of a new home.The book ends with an epic conflict between the last humans and the new sentient spiders.

The Premise of Children of Time

Adrian Tarkovsky's book reads like a traditional space opera from the golden age of SF. What sets it apart is the focus on biology, as the author carefully documents how a spider civilisation could look like:<ul><li>the spiders didn't use speech but communicated through vibrations and scents</li><li>knowledge was passed through genetics, rather written word</li><li>wars were won by reprogramming the enemies rather than exterminating them.</li><li>since the spiders lived on a new planet, there were no fossil fuels so the scientific revolution of the spiders was different than others</li><li>the early spider civilisation was matriarchal </li></ul>

The power of Biology

Since the book spans thousands of years, documenting the evolution of the spiders could have turned boring pretty fast. But the spider history arc is told using the same archetypal characters. We follow Portia, the adventurous spider, Bianca, the heretic or Fabian, the only male character. Using the same names for the spider heroes is more than a trick. It makes sense in the lore of the book because the spiders evolved by passing their innovation (called the Understanding) to their offsprings. So there is a genetical timeline continuation to the main characters ... over thousands of years.

Archetypal Permanence

“Life is not perfect, individuals will always be flawed, but empathy – the sheer inability to see those around them as anything other than people too – conquers all, in the end.”

An original space opera, where instead of aliens we have a human created specie of sentient spiders. Light, fast paced reading. 

The last remnants of the human race left a dying Earth, desperate to find a new home. Following their ancestors' star maps, they discovered the greatest treasure of a past age--a world terraformed and prepared for human life. But all is not right in this new Eden. The planet is not waiting for them, pristine and unoccupied. New masters have turned it from a refuge into mankind's worst nightmare. Now two civilizations are on a collision course and must fight to survive. As the fate of humanity hangs in the balance, who are the true heirs of this new Earth?

books

Books

The last remnants of the human race left a dying Earth, desperate to find a new home among the stars. Following in the footsteps of their ancestors, they discover the greatest treasure of the past age--a world terraformed and prepared for human life. But all is not right in this new Eden. In the long years since the planet was abandoned, the work of its architects has borne disastrous fruit. The planet is not waiting for them, pristine and unoccupied. New masters have turned it from a refuge into mankind's worst nightmare. Now two civilizations are on a collision course, both testing the boundaries of what they will do to survive. As the fate of humanity hangs in the balance, who are the true heirs of this new Earth?

Adrian Tchaikovsky

Children of Time

Elon Musk, CEO of SpaceX and Tesla, is known for his innovative and forward-thinking approach to business and technology. In addition to his work in the tech industry, Musk is also an avid reader and has recommended a number of books to his followers and the public. These books cover a range of topics, including science, technology, business, and more, and offer insights and inspiration for anyone looking to make a positive impact in their field. In this blog post, we’ll take a look at some of the books that Elon Musk has recommended and provide some context for why they might be worth reading.

Zero to One is a book written by entrepreneur and investor Peter Thiel, co-founder of PayPal and Palantir. In the book, Thiel argues that the key to building a successful business is to create something new and valuable, rather than simply competing in an already crowded market. He calls this the “zero to one” concept, as it involves going from nothing to creating something new.

Zero To One 

Our Final Invention is a book written by James Barrat that explores the potential risks and consequences of artificial intelligence (AI). The book raises the question of whether AI could eventually surpass human intelligence and become a threat to the survival of humanity.One of the main arguments of the book is that as AI continues to advance and become more sophisticated, it could potentially surpass human intelligence and become a formidable and uncontroll force.

Our Final Invention by James Barrat 

is a biography of one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, written by historian Walter Isaacson. The book provides a detailed and engaging account of Franklin’s life, from his humble beginnings as a printer’s apprentice to his role as one of the most influential figures in American history.

Benjamin Franklin: An American Life 

It is a science fiction comedy novel written by Douglas Adams. The book follows the adventures of an unlikely group of characters as they travel through the universe, encountering strange and absurd creatures and situations along the way.One of the key strengths of the book is its wit and humor. Adams has a knack for creating hilarious and absurd situations, and his writing is full of clever wordplay and hilarious one-liners.

The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy

Elon musk a billionaire and an avid reader has shared his books to read for those who wants to be innovators and have visions as wild and as successful as him. 

personaldevelopment

Personal Development

technologyandthefuture

Technology & The Future

5 Books Recommended by Elon Musk for Innovators and Visionaries

<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/57134292-the-code-breaker">The Code Breaker </a>details the life of Nobel Prize winner Jennifer Doudna, who embarked on — and successfully completed — a journey to invent a tool that allows us to edit the human genetic code and thus will change our lives, health, and future generations forever.

The Code Breaker - Book Summary 

"One way to remember who you are is to remember who your heroes are."-Walter Isaacson

Author Quot

Science is a fascinating field of interest. Biology, in particular, is responsible for the way we live our life today. From the moment we wake up and wash away the germs off our hands, faces, and teeth, to the very last moment of our day. We do things a certain way. That’s because people who lived before us realized this is the right way to do them. We attribute some of the world’s biggest discoveries to these people. And fortunately, we now have a few more names to add to the list of scientists who made groundbreaking discoveries.

<ol><li>Doudna and Charpentier discovered a potential cure for cancer. </li><li>CRISPR technology can help us cure diseases, but it comes with an ethical cost. </li><li>This emerging technology could lead to biohacking and have some pretty serious implications. </li> </ol>

Top 3 Lessons From The Vo

The potential of <a href="https://fourminutebooks.com/a-crack-in-creation-summary/">CRISPR technology </a>is vast, and it’s only going to get better. We can already understand viruses thanks to CRISPR, which means that we can potentially cure cancer.  The CRISPR system is a natural defense mechanism found in certain bacteria which we can use for protection against viruses. It works by remembering how a <a href="https://fourminutebooks.com/the-hot-zone-summary/">virus </a>looks and operates and transcribing its code into the bacteria’s genes to fight it if it returns.

Lesson 1:  CRISPR technology could potentially cure cancer, as we can already understand viruses thanks to it  .

This allows the bacteria to destroy the virus without damaging themselves later on. Scientists have harnessed this system for their own purposes. They can create artificial RNA molecules that will bind to specific sequences of DNA. This allows them to edit genes or remove unwanted parts altogether.  We can use this to cure diseases like cancer by removing harmful mutations from our genetic code or even help us respond better to viral infections by editing our immune system’s response so that it doesn’t attack healthy cells along with invading pathogens.

The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a way of editing <a href="https://fourminutebooks.com/the-double-helix-summary/">genes </a>in order to cure diseases or other genetic defects. It has been used to treat congenital blindness and sickle cell disease, among other things.  However, there are still many areas where this technology is not particularly useful for humans. For example, we have not yet been able to successfully use CRISPR on human embryos on a large scale because it would cause unintended changes in the embryo’s DNA that could lead to birth defects.

Lesson 2:  CRISPR is a biological weapon, an ethical issue, and a revolutionary concept  .

Some people are already thinking of CRISPR as a new tool to shape children according to the parent’s preferences. Some would be given superpowers (like the “designer babies” that were created to be <a href="https://fourminutebooks.com/the-beautiful-cure-summary/">immune </a>to HIV), while some could be the result of harmful revenge.  This means that we can use CRISPR as a tool to repair certain diseases or get rid of them for good, but we cannot yet use it as an alternative method of reproduction. CRISPR remains both an ethical and a biological challenge.

<a href="https://fourminutebooks.com/super-human-summary/">Biohacking </a>involves the use of biology and biotechnology to alter the genetic makeup of a living organism in order to cause harm or enhance its abilities. As technology continues to advance at an exponential rate, it becomes easier for hackers to modify their bodies with nanotechnology and gene therapy in order to gain superhuman abilities.  These abilities include increased strength and speed; regeneration from wounds, resistance to disease, increased intelligence, and many others.

Lesson 3:  This groundbreaking discovery will shape our entire future, the author thinks  .

It seems that we’re starting to see the potential for biohacking to become a major threat to security and privacy because it could be used for nefarious purposes like weaponizing viruses or creating new bioweapons. One thing that makes biohacking so threatening is how easy it is to do. Unlike traditional computer hacking, which requires specialized knowledge and expensive equipment, anyone with even a basic understanding of biology can perform their own experiments at home with nothing more than a few basic tools.

Unfortunately, some of these tools are already sold on the market, and CRISPR technology is pretty popular among these individuals.

CRISPR has the potential to cause huge positive changes in the world, and even shape the future of humanity – literally! <a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/57134292-the-code-breaker">The Code Breakers </a>shows just how powerful this technology is, and how science played a crucial role in the development of humans and nations. However, if we are not careful enough, this technology may surpass us, and the implications can be catastrophic.

The Code Breaker - Book Review

Still, science is vital for evolution, and CRISPR could be the revolution we so desperately needed to fight grave diseases. If you want some food for thought, I highly recommend this book, as it’ll pose some pretty serious life questions for anyone who dares to read it.

The 55-year-old science professor who wants to keep up with emerging trends in his field, the 33-year-old biologist who is highly interested in CRISPR technology, or the 40-year-old person who enjoys a good lecture from the science world and is looking for a perspective on the future of humanity.

Who would I recommend The Code Breaker to?

The Code Breaker summary details the life of Nobel Prize winner Jennifer Doudna, who invented genome editing and changed health forever.

The Code Breaker Summary

These 10 genius Stephen Hawking quotes will inspire you.

Hawking's influence exceeded the field of science.

The theoretical physicist, best known for his work in cosmology (<a href="http://www.hawking.org.uk/into-a-black-hole.html">particularly with black holes </a>), was both a visionary and an inspiration. Outside his vast intelligence (of which he was very modest, <a href="http://www.newsweek.com/what-stephen-hawkings-iq-score-late-physicist-called-people-who-care-losers-843895">once saying that people who boasted about IQs were losers </a>), he was also a study in resilience and perseverance.At the age of 21, Hawking was diagnosed with <a href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/health/2018-03-14/stephen-hawking-als-how-he-outlived-his-prognosis-for-so-long/9548110">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) </a>. The disease progresses quickly, and Hawking was given only a short time to live, but he survived for decades and stayed mobile with use of a wheelchair.

Stephen Hawking, universally beloved scientist

"Although there was a cloud hanging over my future," <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/mar/14/stephen-hawking-professor-dies-aged-76">Hawking said of his diagnosis </a>,"I found, to my surprise, that I was enjoying life in the present more than before. I began to make progress with my research."

Hawking never stopped working 

In 1988, Hawking published "A Brief History of Time," which accomplished, as <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/stephen-hawking-a-brief-history-of-time-book-theoretical-physics-why-good-a8255251.html">The Independent </a>notes, the "impossible" tasks of not only taking the entire history of time and space and relating it all in just one volume but also making it easy to read and understand for everyone — not just fellow scientists."However, if we discover a complete theory, it should in time be understandable by everyone, not just by a few scientists," <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/stephen-hawking-a-brief-history-of-time-book-theoretical-physics-why-good-a8255251.html">Hawking wrote at the end of the book </a>.

"However, if we discover a complete theory, it should in time be understandable by everyone, not just by a few scientists," <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/stephen-hawking-a-brief-history-of-time-book-theoretical-physics-why-good-a8255251.html">Hawking wrote at the end of the book </a>. "Then we shall all, philosophers, scientists and just ordinary people, be able to take part in the discussion of the question of why it is that we and the universe exist. If we find the answer to that, it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason – for then we should know the mind of God."“My goal is simple," <a href="https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/stephen_hawking_124516">Hawking said of his work </a>. "It is a complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all.”

He will be deeply missed. And as the celebration of his life flows on social media — <a href="https://twitter.com/mikecavalier/status/973772804515598337">who could forget the time he threw a party for time travelers and no one showed up </a>— we're celebrating Hawking's contributions to this world with some of his most inspirational quotes, the ones that remind us to look forward, look upward, and never forget the common humanity we all share.These 10 genius Stephen Hawking quotes will inspire you.

Hawking was an inspiration for us all.

"Be curious. However difficult life may seem, there is always something you can do and succeed at. It matters that you don't just give up."-Stephen Hawking

1. On moving forward in the face of adversity:

"Life would be tragic if it weren't funny."-Stephen Hawking

2. On the importance of a sense of humor:

"It would not be much of a universe if it wasn't home to the people you love."-Stephen Hawking

3. On the universe:

"We are just an advanced breed of monkeys on a minor planet of a very average star. But we can understand the Universe. That makes us something very special."-Stephen Hawking

4. On what makes humans unique:

“For millions of years, mankind lived just like the animals. Then something happened which unleashed the power of our imagination. We learned to talk and we learned to listen. Speech has allowed the communication of ideas, enabling human beings to work together to build the impossible. Mankind's greatest achievements have come about by talking, and its greatest failures by not talking. It doesn't have to be like this. Our greatest hopes could become reality in the future. With the technology at our disposal, the possibilities are unbounded. All we need to do is make sure we keep talking.”

5. On the power of communication: 

"Intelligence is the ability to adapt to change."-Stephen Hawking

6. On the true meaning of intelligence:

"I have noticed that even people who claim everything is predetermined and that we can do nothing to change it, look before they cross the road."-Stephen Hawking

7. On creating your own fate:

"The greatest enemy of knowledge is not ignorance, it is the illusion of knowledge."-Stephen Hawking

8. On knowledge:

"Time travel used to be thought of as just science fiction, but Einstein’s general theory of relativity allows for the possibility that we could warp space-time so much that you could go off in a rocket and return before you set out.”-Stephen Hawking

9. On the power of possiblity:

"Here are the most important pieces of advice that I've passed on to my children. One, remember to look up at the stars and not down at your feet. Two, never give up work. Work gives you meaning and purpose and life is empty without it. Three, if you are lucky enough to find love, remember it is there and don't throw it away."-Stephen Hawking

10. On living your best life:  "Here are the most important pie

These 10 Genius Stephen Hawking Quotes Will Inspire You To Dream Big.

philosophy

Philosophy

religionandspirituality

Religion & Spirituality

history

History

These 10 genius Stephen Hawking quotes will inspire you to dream big.

The story is set in a universe where there are 2 sister planets, which run on completely different ideologies:<ul><li>Urras: an Earth-like planet, with many states, the most powerful one described as a capitalist one</li><li>Anarres is an arid planet with an anarchic society: no rulers, no private property, and no government. </li></ul>The story follows  Shevek, a brilliant temporal physicist from Anarres. We follow him growing up on Anarres and on a trip to Urras, in a series of alternating chapters. Each chapter is a philosophical exploration of concepts such as freedom, love, or property.

The Premise of the Dispossessed

Half of the alternating chapters deal with Shevek growing up on Anarres, becoming a top scientist ... only to discover the utopian anarchy suffers from a lack of innovation, maintaining the status quo with social norms.Having no chance to develop his theory on Anarres, Shevek travels to capitalist Urras, where science is much more developed and he is treated as a hero. But he soon finds out the regime was simply trying to take advantage of him and use his theories for economic and military benefit. He makes his discoveries available to everyone and escapes back to Anarres.

The Story of Shevek

Ursula Le Guin may seem to be promoting a credible anarchist utopia. Especially to the progressive liberal audience, she was influenced by and also influential to. As an antidote to the excesses of a capitalist system. But here opposing systems are not perfect. <ul><li>Anarres is stuck in a form of religious devotion to the system that there is no development. Most people are also quite miserable. </li><li>Urras looks much more like a fascist state than a capitalist utopia. </li></ul>It is not clear if Le Guin was straw-manning the capitalist system or if she attempted an analysis of the concept of freedom.

Anarchy, an Ambiguous Utopia

To make a thief, make an owner; to create crime, create laws.

"You can’t crush ideas by suppressing them. You can only crush them by ignoring them. By refusing to think, refusing to change."

It is our suffering that brings us together. It is not love. Love does not obey the mind, and turns to hate when forced. We are brothers in what we share. In pain, which each of us must suffer alone, in hunger, in poverty, in hope, we know our brotherhood. We know it, because we have had to learn it. There is no help for us but from one another, that no hand will save us if we do not reach out our hand. The hand that you reach out is empty, as mine is. You have nothing. You possess nothing. You own nothing. You are free. All you have is what you are, and what you give.

A young Shevek and his friends are uncertain of how to make a “real” prison and grasp at approximations of one as they play at incarcerating one another. The scenario plays similar to the Standford experiment.As some of the play guardians started to display masochistic behavior, Shevek noticed:"At first we were playing a game, but now the game plays us."

The mimetics of behavior

One of the best written novels. It is SF because it has ships and stuff. But a philosophical book from start to finish. 

An astonishing tale of one man's search for Utopia.

Understand yourself and those around you.

psychology

Psychology

Shevek, a brilliant physicist, decides to take action. He will seek answers, question the unquestionable, and attempt to tear down the walls of hatred that have isolated his planet of anarchists from the rest of the civilized universe. To do this dangerous task will mean giving up his family and possibly his life. Shevek must make the unprecedented journey to the utopian mother planet, Anarres, to challenge the complex structures of life and living, and ignite the fires of change.

Ursula K. Le Guin

The Dispossessed

Here on Earth, we enjoy rather stable temperatures. The highest temperature ever recorded on Earth was 136 Fahrenheit (58 Celsius) in the Libyan desert. The coldest temperature ever measured was -126 Fahrenheit (-88 Celsius) at Vostok Station in Antarctica.But when we talk about the average temperature of the universe, we wonder how scientists measure it? What is the average temperature of the universe?Let's find out How Cold is the universe?

How COLD is the UNIVERSE? 

#space #cold #universe Here on Earth, we enjoy rather stable temperatures. The highest temperature ever recorded on Earth was 136 Fahrenheit (58 Celsius) in the Libyan desert. The coldest temperature ever measured was -126 Fahrenheit (-88 Celsius) at Vostok Station in Antarctica. Although temperatures can fluctuate wildly, relative to most of the universe, the Earth is exceedingly warm. But when we talk about the average temperature of the universe, we wonder how scientists measure it? What is the average temperature of the universe? Let's find out in this video... Want to know more about other topics?… Space : https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO6kTsDI4xfnAISJIMWKxkPoL9qoU9Hwv General knowledge : https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO6kTsDI4xfn6hHfyZBGiw-atw0its-7Q Science & Technology : https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO6kTsDI4xfmONVgfMhMbstBLpZuyJCP2 Health : https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO6kTsDI4xflrlYCGE0EIyWXoBoNG81-r 🙏Requests🙏 I requested to you (My viewers) please subscribe to my channel and if you like video then please press like button.All youtubers are doing hard work in video making and your like, Share, Subscribes are fruits for our hard work. You also follow me on: - Facebook: www.facebook.com/thetechers You can visit my Website : www.knowledgevaccination.blogspot.com This video is under Fair Use: Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act in 1976; Allowance is made for "Fair Use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non - profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use. All rights and credit go directly to its rightful owners. No copyright infringement intended. Sound credit : YouTube Audio Library Footage Credit : Storyblocks/NASA/Wisc-online/Wikipedia/ESO/Google earth Narration by : Joy Mukherji Thank you all of you...🙏

communication

Communication

timemanagement

Time Management

space

Space

#space #cold #universe 
Here on Earth, we enjoy rather stable temperatures. The highest temperature ever recorded on Earth was 136 Fahrenheit (58 Celsius) in the Libyan desert. The coldest temperature ever measured was -126 Fahrenheit (-88 Celsius) at Vostok Station in Antarctica.

Although temperatures can fluctuate wildly, relative to most of the universe, the Earth is exceedingly warm.

But when we talk about the average temperature of the universe, we wonder how scientists measure it? What is the average temperature of the universe?

Let's find out in this video...

Want to know more about other topics?… 
Space : https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO6kTsDI4xfnAISJIMWKxkPoL9qoU9Hwv

General knowledge : https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO6kTsDI4xfn6hHfyZBGiw-atw0its-7Q

Science & Technology : https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO6kTsDI4xfmONVgfMhMbstBLpZuyJCP2

Health : https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO6kTsDI4xflrlYCGE0EIyWXoBoNG81-r

🙏Requests🙏 
I requested to you (My viewers) please subscribe to my channel and if you like video then please press like button.All youtubers are doing hard work in video making and your like, Share, Subscribes are fruits for our hard work.
 
You also follow me on: - 
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Sudhir Talati

How COLD is the UNIVERSE?

"Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic." - Clarke's Third Law

This concept opened my mind to the possibility that "witchcraft" is just misunderstood science and changed the perspective of my religious views. 

Clarke's three laws - Wikipedia

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) can see deeper into the Universe than its predecessor, the Hubble. Tuesday, 12 July 2022, will be remembered by many as the date when NASA's JWST released its first full-colour images and spectroscopic data. The images and data from JWST show distant galaxies, the death of stars, and insights into how our Universe began.

The James Webb Space Telescope

The first image shared, called Webb's First Deep Field, shows the SMACS 0723 galaxy cluster. The cluster in the image is as it was 4.6 billion years ago. Astronomer Matt Bothwell excitedly states that "the telescope is quite literally a massive step forward in a quest, thousands of years old, to understand our place in the Universe. A step forward this big only happens a few times per century,

JWST can peer back in time

Pointed towards the galaxy cluster SMACS 0723, the telescope's spectrograph revealed the chemical composition of a galaxy located 13.1 billion light-years away. Scientists found oxygen, hydrogen, and neon in this distant galaxy. According to astronomy author Colin Stuart, the spectra show that hydrogen and oxygen, the key ingredients for life, were already around 700 million years after the Big Bang.

Galaxy cluster image revealed key ingredients for life

The JWST images show how spectacular the telescope is. The NGC 3132, the Southern Ring, shows a level of detail and finesse that is astonishing, especially when compared with what came before. The visual beauty of this image shows the Southern Ring Nebula, where gas and dust are expelled by a dying star.

Southern Ring Nebula demonstrates the stunning beauty of the Universe

The image of five galaxies, called Stephan's Quintet, is the largest of JWST's subjects to date, covering about a fifth of our Moon's diameter. There is much going on in this cluster of colliding galaxies, from individual bright young stars, the blazing light emitted by hydrogen falling onto a black hole in one galaxy to the faint glow of dust between the interacting systems. In the corners of the image are countless other smaller and more distant galaxies.

Stephan's Quintet has let us watch faraway galaxies interact

The telescope is expected to run for the next 20 years. So young astronomers, students and children watching these images will work on JWST data in the future. Future astronomers will need to know a lot about physics and chemistry and become experts in computer simulations. "Back in the 1990s, the glorious images from Hubble captivated the world, and the JWST's images will be higher resolution, look deeper, and will look into regions that Hubble could never see", said Ezzy Pearson, astrophysicist and author.

Bringing people along on the journey

The James Webb Space Telescope can see deeper into the Universe than its predecessor Hubble, opening up a new era of cosmology.

What's so special about the James Webb Space Telescope's new images? We asked the experts

The book is a collection of short stories that combione combine SF and magic, celebrating the wonders of our everyday life with sprinkles of magic.The influence of Chinese culture that was common in every story, such as the introduction of literomancy that details the history and beauty of the Chinese language. Liu also draws on the popular chinese character “Sun Wukong” as an imaginary companion of a litigator who makes a brave choice. Liu also retells Chinese folklore such as the story of Guan Yu, the popular Chinese military general, in All the Flavours.

Ken Liu's Short Stories

In this story, a literomancer can tell people's fortunes based on the characters in their names and the characters they pick."The Chinese invented writing as an aid to divination, so Chinese characters always had a deep magic to them. From characters, I can tell what's bothering people and what lies in their past and future."

Literomancer

A very cool collections of short stories that combine science fiction with Chinese mysticism 

Presents the author's selection of his best short stories, as well as a new piece, in a collection that includes "The Man Who Ended History: A Documentary," "Mono No Aware" and "The Waves."

Featured in the Netflix series Love, Death & Robots Bestselling author Ken Liu selects his multiple award-winning stories for a groundbreaking collection—including a brand-new piece exclusive to this volume. With his debut novel, The Grace of Kings, taking the literary world by storm, Ken Liu now shares his finest short fiction in The Paper Menagerie and Other Stories. This mesmerizing collection features many of Ken’s award-winning and award-finalist stories, including: “The Man Who Ended History: A Documentary” (Finalist for the Hugo, Nebula, and Theodore Sturgeon Awards), “Mono No Aware” (Hugo Award winner), “The Waves” (Nebula Award finalist), “The Bookmaking Habits of Select Species” (Nebula and Sturgeon Award finalists), “All the Flavors” (Nebula Award finalist), “The Litigation Master and the Monkey King” (Nebula Award finalist), and the most awarded story in the genre’s history, “The Paper Menagerie” (The only story to win the Hugo, Nebula, and World Fantasy awards). Insightful and stunning stories that plumb the struggle against history and betrayal of relationships in pivotal moments, this collection showcases one of our greatest and original voices.

Ken Liu

The Paper Menagerie and Other Stories

Find 100+ Science Fiction Facts - Curated by others from trusted sources like Books, Podcasts & Articles - Genuine Insights from like-minded Users like You!

Your brain does not process information and it is not a computer | Aeon Essays

Children of Time

5 Books Recommended by Elon Musk for Innovators and Visionaries

The Code Breaker Summary

These 10 genius Stephen Hawking quotes will inspire you to dream big.

The Dispossessed

How COLD is the UNIVERSE?

Clarke's three laws - Wikipedia

What's so special about the James Webb Space Telescope's new images? We asked the experts

The Paper Menagerie and Other Stories

It's time to Read like a Pro.

It's time to
Read like a Pro.