It is a logical fallacy and it occurs when someone incorrectly asserts that two or more things are equal because they share some characteristics, regardless of the notable differences between them.For example, saying that cats and dogs are the same type of animal because they're both mammals and have a tail.

False equivalence

Problem Solving

<ul><li>The equivalence exaggerates the degree of similarity. I.e, stating that two people share a specific personality trait, but ignoring that they differ in other aspects of this trait.</li><li>The equivalence exaggerates the importance of the similarity. I.e, focusing on a personality trait that two people share while ignoring that many other people also share this trait.</li><li>The equivalence ignores important differences. </li><li>The equivalence ignores differences in orders of magnitude. </li></ul>

The problem with false equivalence

<ul><li>Show that the similarities between the things being equated are exaggerated, overemphasized, or oversimplified.</li><li>Highlight the differences between the things being equated. </li><li>Explain why these differences are more significant than related similarities.</li><li>Provide counterexamples.</li><li>Ask your opponent to justify why they believe that their equivalence is valid, and then demonstrate the issues with the reasoning they provide.</li></ul>

Responding to a false equivalence

<ul><li>Not every comparison is an equivalence; it’s possible to compare things without suggesting that they are equal to one another.</li><li>Not every equivalence is false and can even be reasonable.</li><li>Not every false equivalence is intentional.</li><li>Equivalence is subjective; it’s not always possible to clearly determine whether a specific equivalence is false or not.</li></ul>

Comparisons and equivalence

If you’re unsure about whether an equivalence that you’re thinking about is reasonable or not, try to highlight the differences between the things that you’re equating, and ask yourself whether the equivalence still holds.

Avoiding false equivalences

It happens when there are two or more opposing positions on a certain topic, and you assume that the truth must rest somewhere in the middle. False balance can be a result of a false equivalence when two sides are presented as being equal, and the terms are used interchangeably, even though they are not.For instance, in a group interview, equal weight is given to the opinions of two opposing interviewees, one of whom is an established expert, and the other a false authority with no valid credentials.

False balance fallacy

<div>
<img src="https://effectiviology.com/wp-content/uploads/False-Equivalence.jpg"> False equivalence is a <a href="https://effectiviology.com/guide-to-logical-fallacies/">logical fallacy</a> that occurs when someone incorrectly asserts that two or more things are equivalent, simply because they share some characteristics, despite the fact that there are also notable differences between them. For example, a false equivalence is saying that cats and dogs are the same animal, since they're both mammals and have a tail.
False equivalences, which generally exaggerate similarities and ignore important differences, can be used to equate a wide range of things, including individuals, groups, actions, or arguments, either implicitly or explicitly. Accordingly, false equivalences are frequently used in debates on various topics, especially when it comes to suggesting that there is a moral equivalence between two or more things that are being equated.
Because false equivalences are so widely used, it's important to understand them. As such, in the following article you will learn more about the false equivalence fallacy, see examples of how it's used, and understand what you can do in order to counter it as effectively as possible.
<h2>What makes an equivalence false </h2>
An equivalence is considered false when it's fallacious in some way, meaning that there is an issue with the reasoning that's used to explain why the things under consideration are equivalent to one another. The most common issues that make an equivalence false are the following:
<ul>
	<li>
The equivalence exaggerates the degree of similarity between the things being equated. For example, this could involve stating that two people share a certain personality trait, while ignoring the fact that they only share certain aspects of this trait but not others.</li>
	<li>
The equivalence exaggerates the importance of the similarity between the things being equated. For example, this could involve focusing on a personality trait that two people share, while ignoring the fact that many other people also share this trait.</li>
	<li>
The equivalence ignores important differences between the things being equated. For example, this could involve mentioning a way in which two people are similar to one another, while ignoring the many ways in which they are different.</li>
	<li>
The equivalence ignores differences in orders of magnitude between the things being equated. For example, this could involve equating different acts that two people performed, and focusing on the fact that these acts are conceptually similar, despite the fact that they're widely different in terms of their impact.</li>
</ul> 
Note that there is generally some subjectivity involved in determining whether an equivalent is false or not. For example, in a situation where there is a difference in the order of magnitude, in terms of impact, of two acts that are being equated, the person presenting the equivalence might believe that this difference is small enough that the equivalence is reasonable, while someone else might argue that the difference renders the equivalence false.
In such situations, it's up to each party in the discussion to argue either in favor or against the equivalence. Specifically, the <a href="https://effectiviology.com/burden-of-proof/">burden of proof</a> initially rests with the person who proposes an equivalence, meaning that they must provide proper support for the equivalence. Then, their opponent has a burden of proof if they claim that the equivalence is false, meaning that they must provide proper support for their argument against the equivalence.
<h2>Examples of false equivalences </h2>
A simple example of a false equivalence is saying that a knife and dynamite are both tools that can be used as weapons, so they're pretty much the same thing, and therefore if we allow people to buy knives at the store, then we should also allow them to also buy dynamite.
The issue with this argument is that while both these items indeed share the characteristics that are mentioned (being a tool and having the potential to be used as a weapon), there is a significant difference between them in other domains, such as their potential for causing damage, which makes this equivalence fallacious.
In addition, false equivalences are often used together with other logical fallacies and rhetorical techniques.
For example, false equivalences are often used in conjunction with <a href="https://effectiviology.com/ad-hominem-fallacy/">ad hominem attacks</a>, such as the appeal to hypocrisy ( tu quoque) variant, where the person using the fallacy is attempting to discredit someone by claiming that their argument is inconsistent with their previous acts. For instance, consider the following statement:
<blockquote>
"You're criticizing the company for allowing the oil spill to happen, but what about that time I saw you litter at the park."
</blockquote>
Here, the person using the false equivalence is attempting to equate two events, that are somewhat similar conceptually, but involve completely different orders of magnitude, both in terms of the actions that led up to the negative events in question, as well as in terms of the outcomes of those events.
This approach can also be seen as combining a false equivalence with a <a href="https://effectiviology.com/red-herring/">red herring</a> in cases where the fallacious argument is meant to distract people from the original line of discussion. This approach, which is associated with the concept whataboutism, has the basic following structure:
<blockquote>
"You're blaming [the entity in question] for [major event], but what about [the other entity] who did [something relatively minor and/or only weakly relevant]?"
</blockquote>
Furthermore, false equivalences can also be used used in conjunction with other logical fallacies. For example, they can be combined with <a href="https://effectiviology.com/straw-man-arguments-recognize-counter-use/">strawman arguments</a>, which are arguments that distort an opposing view in order to make it easier to attack, in cases where the false equivalence equates a distorted version of an opposing stance or action with something that is perceived in a highly negative manner.
Finally, a classic example of a false equivalence has been described by author Isaac Asimov:
<blockquote>
"...when people thought the earth was flat, they were wrong. When people thought the earth was spherical, they were wrong. But if you think that thinking the earth is spherical is just as wrong as thinking the earth is flat, then your view is wronger than both of them put together."
- From 'The Relativity of Wrong' (1989), in The Skeptical Inquirer.
</blockquote>
In this case, Asimov is referring to the fact that while the earth is not a perfect sphere, it's much closer to being a sphere than it is to being flat. Accordingly, it's fallacious to suggest that being wrong about the earth being a sphere is equivalent to being wrong about the earth being flat, and an argument claiming that this is the case would be an example of a false equivalence.
<h2>How to respond to a false equivalence </h2>
As we saw above, the issue with false equivalences is that they incorrectly suggest that two (or more) things are equivalent, in a situation where that's not the case. Accordingly, the main approach that you should use in order to counter this fallacious reasoning is to demonstrate the issue with the equivalence that's being presented. You can do this in various ways, including the following:
<ul>
	<li>Show that the similarities between the things being equated are exaggerated, overemphasized, or oversimplified.</li>
	<li>Highlight the differences between the things being equated, and explain why these differences are more significant than the related similarities.</li>
	<li>If the similarity between the things being equated is flawed due to a significant difference in terms of order magnitude, point this out and explain why it's an issue.</li>
	<li>Provide counterexamples which, under the current classification, would also be considered equivalent to the things being equated, but which contradict the point that the person using the false equivalence is trying to make.</li>
	<li>Ask your opponent to justify why they believe that their equivalence is valid, and then demonstrate the issues with the reasoning that they provide.</li>
</ul> 
Note that, as we saw earlier, the false equivalence fallacy is often used in conjunction with other logical fallacies and rhetorical techniques. For example, this can involve a misleading representation of the two sides in the equivalence, through the use of <a href="https://effectiviology.com/cherry-picking/">cherry-picking</a>, with the aim of making one side appear more positive and the other more negative than they really are.
When this happens, you will generally benefit from addressing the particular issues with these additional fallacies. How you do this will depend on the fallacy in question, as <a href="https://effectiviology.com/category/logical-fallacies/">different fallacies are countered in different ways</a>. Nevertheless, one course of action that is effective in most cases is to simply point out the logical flaw in the fallacious argument, and explain why it invalidates that argument.
Finally, when responding to a false equivalence, there are several important caveats that you must keep in mind:
<ul>
	<li>
Not every comparison is an equivalence; it's possible to compare things without suggesting that they are equal to one another.</li>
	<li>
Not every equivalence is a false equivalence; in many cases, an equivalence may be entirely reasonable.</li>
	<li>
Not every false equivalence is intentional; in many cases, people might use a false equivalence without realizing that there is an issue with it.</li>
	<li>
Equivalence is subjective; it's not always possible to clearly determine whether a certain equivalence is false or not.</li>
</ul> 
<h2>How to avoid using false equivalences </h2>
To avoid using false equivalences, you should make sure that whenever you equate two or more things with one another, you have proper justification as to why the things in question are equivalent, based on relevant criteria.
If necessary, you should explicitly explain why you believe that the equivalence in question is reasonable. This will help you ensure that your equivalence is indeed reasonable, and help you demonstrate this to the people that you're talking to.
Furthermore, keep in mind that you can use the same techniques that you would use if you thought someone else was using a false equivalence, in order to ensure that you're not using one yourself. For example, if you're unsure about whether an equivalence that you're thinking about is reasonable or not, you could attempt to highlight the differences between the things that you're equating, and ask yourself whether the equivalence still holds.
Finally, you can help address some potential issues with your proposed equivalences by being upfront about them, and using appropriate language when presenting the equivalences. For example, if you're equating two actions that are similar in nature but whose outcomes are different in terms of orders of magnitude, you could address this directly, and explain why the equivalence is still sound. Doing this can turn an equivalence that would otherwise be fallacious into an argument that is generally viewed as reasonable.
<h2>Related fallacy: false balance </h2>
<blockquote>
"If one person says that it's raining and another person says that it's dry, it's not your job to quote them both. It's your job to look out the window and find out which is true."
- Attributed to Journalism Studies lecturer Jonathan Foster
</blockquote>
False balance is a logical fallacy that occurs when someone suggests that, if there are two or more opposing positions on a certain topic, then the truth must rest somewhere in the middle between them. This concept often plays a role in the media, where it's also referred to as bothsidesism, in situations where journalists present both sides of a story <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000073">as if they are balanced</a> and equal to one another, even when evidence shows that <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547012458290">this is not the case</a>.
For example, false balance might play a role in a group interview, if equal weight is given to the opinions of two opposing interviewees, one of whom is an established expert in their field who relies on scientific evidence, while the other is a <a href="https://effectiviology.com/false-authority/">false authority</a> with no valid credentials, who relies solely on personal anecdotes.
False balance can occur as a result of a false equivalence, in cases where two sides are presented as being equal, despite the fact that they're not. The two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, though they have distinctly different meanings, as is evident in the different definitions of each term.
<h2>Summary and conclusions </h2>
<ul>
	<li>
False equivalence is a logical fallacy that occurs when someone incorrectly asserts that two or more things are equivalent, simply because they share some characteristics, despite the fact that there are also notable differences between them.</li>
	<li>An example of a false equivalence is saying that a person shouldn't criticize a company for allowing a catastrophic oil spill to happen, because that person littered once.</li>
	<li>When responding to a false equivalence, you can show that the similarities between the things being equated are exaggerated, highlight the differences between the things being equated, present counterexamples that demonstrate the issues with the equivalence, or ask your opponent to justify why they believe that their proposed equivalence is reasonable.</li>
	<li>To avoid using false equivalences, you should make sure that whenever you equate two or more things with one another, you have proper justification as to why the things in question are equivalent, based on relevant criteria.</li>
	<li>It's important to remember that not every comparison is an equivalence, not every equivalence is a false equivalence, and not every false equivalence is intentional, and to keep in mind that there is some subjectivity involved when it comes to determining whether an equivalence is reasonable or not.</li>
</ul> 
</div>

False equivalence is a logical fallacy that occurs when someone incorrectly asserts that two or more things are equivalent, simply because they share some characteristics, despite the fact that there are also notable differences between them. For example, a false equivalence is saying that cats and dogs are the same animal, since they're both mammals and have a tail.

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False equivalence

The problem with false equivalence

Responding to a false equivalence

Comparisons and equivalence

Avoiding false equivalences

False balance fallacy

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False Equivalence: The Problem with Unreasonable Comparisons

False equivalence

The problem with false equivalence

Responding to a false equivalence

Comparisons and equivalence

Avoiding false equivalences

False balance fallacy

IDEAS ABOUT

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