The Premise of Children of Time

Future humans terraform a planet and, through an unfortunate accident, infect it with a nano-virus that significantly accelerate the evolution of spiders. With their new found biological advantages, the spiders evolve from a species of lonely predators into a space traveling civilisation.

While the spiders were on the fast track of evolution, we follow the wondering of the last humans, traveling in an ark-ship called Ghilghames, in search of a new home.

The book ends with an epic conflict between the last humans and the new sentient spiders. 

Adrian Tarkovsky's book reads like a traditional space opera from the golden age of SF. What sets it apart is the focus on biology, as the author carefully documents how a spider civilisation could look like:

• the spiders didn't use speech but communicated through vibrations and scents