The Starship can be thought as 2 distinct parts, and both of them are reusable<ul><li>The SuperHeavy Booster</li><li>The Starship</li></ul>

The Rocket Itself

It is the first stage of the Starship system, It's task is to make the Starship reach the upper atmosphere, Since it is reusable, it lands back to the surface on a pre decided spot safely, and can be reused again

The SuperHeavy Booster 

It consists of everything required for a Mars travel (6-9 months) Inside it will have all amenities, living space, kitchens, gym, experiments area, observation floor, many things in the upper halfIn the mid section will be a bit of cargo, although most cargo will go by individual starshipsLower half will have the fuel tanks, engines, Landing legs and all necessary for an Incredible Journey The Starship half vertically will have heat shields, to safely reenter Mars atmosphere

The Starship

Its a long procedure, Inshort it is...<ol><li>SuperHeavy and starship are at the launchpad, SuperHeavy lifts off, goes to the upper atmosphere</li><li>SuperHeavy decouples and starships engines fire, to achieve a stable orbit around earth, Meanwhile SuperHeavy lands back on earth</li><li>Now starship is in orbit, but Out of fuel, so another starship launches with only fuel, by the same SuperHeavy</li><li>It docks with the main starship in orbit and transfers all the fuel to fill its tank, and events back to earth</li><li>The Starship now fires it's engines for a trajectory to Mars, Now we just sit down and wait for 6 7 months</li></ol>

The Launch

The landing procedure from when we touch the atmosphere of a planet to touchdown is called 7 minutes of terror<ul><li>The engines fire before reaching Mars, to slow down the rocket a bit</li><li>We enter Mars atmosphere, ReEntry begins to heat our spaceship, now the Heat shield side is facing it</li><li>We survive ReEntry, and are flying above Mars, thanks to its wings</li><li>We backfire engines, and cancel the horizontal velocity, so now we are falling straight down</li><li>When near to the surface, the landing gears deploy, Engines fire, and we slowly touchdown</li><li>We finally landed on Mars :)</li></ul>

7 Minutes Of Terror

How does the SpaceX Starship work, from structure to landing, Here it is...

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

How the SpaceX Starship works

Every day, people drink more than two billion coffee cups worldwide, and experts predict that demand for it could triple by mid-century.Coffee consumption is highest in Europe and North America. In the US, 66 percent of adults drink coffee every day — more than any other beverage, including water — and in the UK, coffee is now officially as popular as tea.But it’s the Netherlands and Nordic nations who routinely top the charts for the most-caffeinated crowd, with the Dutch, Finns and Swedes consuming 8.3 kg (18.3 lb), 7.8 kg (17.2 lb) and 7.6 kg (16.8 lb) coffee per person in 2020.

Coffee, The Love Of Our Lives

Study after study shows that our thirst for coffee harms the planet and exploits millions of people in some of the poorest parts of the world.Arabica, which originated in the highlands of Ethiopia, is prized for its smooth, complex flavour profile, and it fetches a higher price. It requires shade, so traditional coffee farms intersperse trees of different types and heights among the coffee plants. To grow well, it requires shade and requires chemical pesticides to grow in the sun, which inevitably end up in local waterways.

How Coffee Production Hurts the Environment 

<ul><li>Around 125 million people worldwide depend on coffee for their livelihoods, but many of the estimated 25 million smallholder farmers who produce 80% of the crop struggle to earn a reliable living.</li><li>Farmers' struggles are compounded by the fact that coffee is a boom-and-bust commodity, vulnerable to poor weather and pests.</li><li>This creates an unstable market with recurring supply-demand imbalances that drive wild fluctuations in price.</li></ul>

The High Human Costs of Producing Coffee

Buy certified coffee: Coffee certifications can help you find coffee produced using farming practices that meet environmental, social or economic sustainability standards. There’s a dizzying array to choose from, but some of the best-regarded certifications are Fairtrade, Alliance, 4C and Smithsonian Bird Friendly.Each scheme prioritizes different aspects of sustainability — and their focus can shift — so be sure to stay up to date and pick one that aligns with your values.

Be A Responsible Coffee Drinker

Dig deeper, beyond just the certification labels. Initiatives such as <a href="https://www.transparency.coffee/">The Pledge</a> aim to improve farmers’ bottom line by encouraging roasters to be transparent about the prices they pay. Many independent coffee shops also have close relationships with their growers and roasters, so don’t be shy to ask questions directly.

Know Your Coffee

Dairy production is second only to meat in terms of its climate impacts, so it’s worth considering the entire contents of your cup. Studies show that the greenhouse gas emissions associated with a standard latte are between two and four times as high as those from a standard espresso.If you can’t forego the milk, you can slash its climate impact by two-thirds by picking one of a variety of plant-based options.

Consider Your Milk

As much as 70 percent of your cup’s environmental impact is tied to the beans and how they’re cultivated, so it makes sense to focus most of your attention there. But small actions add up, so avoid non-recyclable coffee pods and bulky pre-made drinks that take an inordinate amount of fuel to ship.Finally, don’t underestimate the power of a simple reusable cup. When you take yours into a café, you’re doing more than saving a disposable cup from the landfill — you’re also signalling your values to companies that want your business.

Do Some Legwork

Every day, more than two billion cups of coffee are consumed worldwide -- wow! Unsurprisingly, that staggering consumption comes with significant environmental and human costs. Learn what they are and four ways to drink more sustainably.

food

Food

health

Health

Wonder about the impact of your daily cup of coffee on the planet? Here’s the bitter truth

The summer of 2022 is shaping up to be a very warm one. The heat wave is expected to intensify in the next few months, with above-normal temperatures likely across the lower 48 states.<ul><li>Heat waves begin when high pressure in the atmosphere moves in and pushes warm air toward the ground.</li><li>The air warms up further as it is compressed, and we begin to feel a lot hotter.</li><li>A heat wave parks itself over an area for several days or longer.</li></ul>

The Heat Waves: A Primer

As the ground warms, it loses moisture, which makes it easier to heat even more.In the drought-ridden West, there is often plenty of heat for the high-pressure system to trap.The trapped heat continues to warm, the system acts like a lid on a pot - earning the name "heat dome"Last summer in the West, high pressure trapped heat led to triple-digit temperatures that killed hundreds.

Heat Domes

We have long known that the world has warmed by more than 1 degree Celsius (about 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) since 1900, and that the pace of warming has accelerated in recent decades.Staying Safe<ul><li>Give yourself time to acclimate</li><li>Increase the amount of time you spend outdoors gradually, if you can, by about 20 percent</li><li>Know the signs of heat exhaustion and heatstroke</li><li>Hydrate and drink water</li><li>Don’t push yourself past comfort</li></ul>

Hotter Than Normal

To help reduce demand, consider raising the thermostat by a few degrees and closing window shades and blinds.Avoid using large appliances like ovens, washing machines and dryers during the hottest part of the day, and turn off all lights and electronic devices not in use.

Power Outages

In most parts of the United States, temperatures must be above the historical average in an area for two or more days before the label “heat wave” is applied.

What to Know About Heat Waves

“One way solar could soon become more widely used would be to integrate solar panels onto a wider array of commonplace materials and technologies without inconveniencing the ways we currently use those things today. “Even though <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2020/06/23/two-thirds-of-americans-think-government-should-do-more-on-climate/">over two-thirds</a> of Americans feel the government should do more to protect against climate change, most are unwilling - sometimes defiant - to change their collective energy routines drastically due to inconvenience. Some rooted in practical issues (i.e - not enough EV power stations, bad locations for alternative energies, general power supplies), others…not so much.

Powered by Convenience

If achieved, energy harvesting devices could be discreetly placed on top of windows, display screens, or even human skin

Researching New Materials To Integrate Solar Energy

However, a team of researchers in Japan have now made promising <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-15352-x">steps toward solving this transparency issue</a> The process is based on a conductive material called Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), which is both transparent and colorless.ITO is one of the most widely used <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_tin_oxide">transparent conducting oxides</a> because of its electrical conductivity and optical transparency, the ease with which it can be deposited as a thin film, and its chemical resistance to moisture.(Completely unrelated and 99.9% different, but this reminds me of <a href="https://www.tssbulletproof.com/blog/optically-clear-aluminum-provides-bulletproof-protection-2/">newer bulletproof glass technologies</a>. The .1% being that they’re both clear.)

Transparency Materials Still Less Than 70% Clear

With their manufacturing approach, Kato’s team made the device over 1,000 times more effective at converting incoming light into electrical energy than existing ITO-based solar cells.The team’s choice of materials was far more transparent than previous designs: allowing some 79% of incoming light to pass straight through.

Efficiency and Transparency

If the material becomes more commercially viable in the future, Kato’s team believes it could one day be integrated into phones and other everyday electronics. (for now, I guess I’ll just have to make do with one of these useful <a href="https://www.outdoorgearlab.com/topics/camping-and-hiking/best-solar-charger">portable solar chargers</a> 🤷‍♂️…🙃)

This Conversation Brought To You by…THE SUN!!

Tech got us here, tech can *help* get us out…

A new solar panel design can efficiently convert light into electricity, while still allowing almost 80% of incoming light to pass through.

technologyandthefuture

Technology & The Future

Transparent solar panels could soon turn windows into energy harvesters

This filter-feeding shark moves through its habitat eating krill, plankton, jelly fish, shrimp, and copepods. Yet most plankton is found near the surface, so it is something of a mystery how Megamouth manages to find enough to eat.

What does the Megamouth shark eat?

personaldevelopment

Personal Development

Deep Sea: Megamouth Shark

The nervous system of the starfish is very simple...there is no brain and there are not even any ganglia to coordinate movement. The nervous system is characterized by a nerve ring that surrounds the mouth. A radial nerve branches off of the nerve ring and extends to each arm.

Do starfish have a brain?

Neuroscience for Kids - Invertebrate Nervous System

Sea foam, also referred to as ocean foam, beach foam, or spume is a type of foam created by the agitation of seawater, particularly when it contains higher concentrations of dissolved organic matter (proteins, fats, dead algae).

What is the foam on the beach?

Sea foam - Wikipedia

Most people can’t remember events from the first few years of their lives – a phenomenon researchers have dubbed infantile amnesia. But why can’t we remember the things that happened to us when we were infants? Does memory start to work only at a certain age?Here’s what researchers know about babies and memory.

We Don't Remember Us Being An Infant

Infants may be able to form:Semantic memories: memories of facts like the names of different varieties of apples or the capital of your home state.Procedural memories: how to perform an action.Infants cannot form autobiographical memories, remembering events with them being the main character of their consciousness.You can get infants to remember events for longer by training them for longer periods of time and by giving them reminders.

Infants Can Form Memories

It still isn’t clear whether people experience infantile amnesia because we can’t form autobiographical memories, or whether we just have no way to retrieve them. No one knows for sure what’s going on, but scientists have a few guesses.<ul><li>The hippocampus, which is the region of the brain that is largely responsible for memory, isn't fully developed in the infancy period.</li><li>Another possible explanation for infantile amnesia is that because infants don’t have language until later in the <a href="https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/speech-and-language">second year of life</a>, they can’t form narratives about their own lives that they can later recall.</li></ul>

The Reason For Infantile Amnesia

Scientific American is the essential guide to the most awe-inspiring advances in science and technology, explaining how they change our understanding of the world and shape our lives.

Why You Can’t Remember Being Born: A Look at ‘Infantile Amnesia’

Unless people reduce CO2, methane, and other greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions, sea levels will rise, and disastrous weather events may happen. The food system accounts for more than 30 percent of global GHG emissions, and the grocery sector has a unique opportunity to become the driving force for the decar­bon­ization of the entire food system while saving costs.

Cutting back on carbon emissions is a universal mission

The pressure from multiple stakeholders to make grocery sustainable is growing. <ul><li>37 percent of European consumers deeply care about sustainability. Many consumers already pay more for sustainable options that are also beneficial to themselves. </li><li>Sustainable employers stand a better chance to attract, retain and inspire purpose-driven people. </li></ul>

Sustainable grocery

<ul><li>Europe has set targets for reducing GHG emissions to achieve net zero by 2050. </li><li>Internationally, Glasgow's UN Climate Change Conference had the first concrete methane reduction pledges.</li><li>In New Zealand, the government plans to charge farmers for the methane emissions from the animals they keep.</li><li>In the Netherlands, plans to slash emissions associated with livestock farming gave rise to nationwide protests by farmers.</li></ul>

Regulations

Grocers can create transparency around current GHG emissions along the entire value chain.<ul><li>Scope 1. Direct emissions from grocers' operations.</li><li>Scope 2. Emissions from the generation of electricity and heat that grocers purchase</li><li>Scope 3. Emission from agriculture, food processing, waste, and transport upstream, as well as transportation, consumption, and waste downstream.</li></ul>Scope 1 and 2 emissions account for about 7% of the total, while 93% of emissions are outside the grocer's direct control.

Most emissions are outside the direct control of grocers

Energy consumption in stores can be reduced by 30–50 percent by modernising lighting, refrigeration, heating, ventila­tion, air condi­tioning, and cooling alone. Saving energy in stores can fall into four categories:<ol><li>net-zero stores</li><li>net-zero warehouses</li><li>net-zero fleets</li><li>sustainable manufacturing (for vertically integrated grocers)</li></ol> Each category has levers that are less and more disruptive. A potentially powerful lever is redesigning the grocer's network of distribution centres to shorten routes.

Decarbonizing grocery operations (Scope 1 and 2)

The bulk of grocery emissions occur during production and consumption. The biggest challenges is the key role dairy and meat play in the Western diet. The global cattle population is among the top three for GHG-emissions.

Decarbonizing food production and consumption (scope 3)

<ol><li>Provide more sustainable options, including both branded and private-label (PL) products. Substituting beef with plant-based alternatives can lead to a 90 percent reduction in emissions. Additional assortment-related levers include refillable packaging, products sold without any packaging, and reduced package size.</li><li>Create transparency for consumers. all PL products in a grocer’s assortment should have labels specifying their impact on consumer health and the environment.</li><li>Collaborate with farmers.</li><li>Collaborate with small and medium-size suppliers</li><li>Set ambitious targets for major CPG companies.</li></ol>

Five strategies to reduce scope 3 GHG emissions

Transforming the global food system will take many years. Grocers are well advised to embark on their decarbonization journeys today and position themselves at the forefront of the trans­formation by pursuing initiatives across three areas:<ul><li>Get the basics in place. Increase transparency around key sustaina­bility metrics and implement a scope 1 and 2 abatement strategy.</li><li>Develop a compelling sustainability value proposition to consumers.</li><li>Explore opportunities for disruptive business building.</li></ul>

Making it happen

Decarbonizing grocery

The new Jurassic World movie envisions a time when dinosaurs have started to reintegrate themselves as an ordinary part of our modern wildlife. Velociraptors stalk the woods like wolves. Men on horseback herd Parasaurolophus like cattle. The premise raises interesting questions, such as what impact reintroducing dinosaurs into the wild will have on our ecosystem.

Reintroducing dinosaurs into our ecosystem

Prof Steve Brusatte, a palaeontologist at the University of Edinburgh and an advisor on Jurassic World Dominion, does not think introducing dinosaurs into the wild would be a good idea. There have been many cases where a predator is introduced to an ecosystem and wreaks havoc. Introducing, for example, a T. rex could lead to some mammals going extinct. Giant herbivores like Brontosaurus could have a profound effect on crops or other important plants.

Problems living alongside dinosaurs

Prof Steve Brusatte states that the vast majority of dinosaurs would never have seen a flower. Dinosaurs like Brontosaurus, Diplodocus, and Brachiosaurus lived in the Jurassic when there were no fruits or flowers. So, whether they could eat most of the food of today would be a big question. Then there's our climate. There's much debate over whether dinosaurs were primarily cold-blooded or warm-blooded. The answer would greatly affect how easily dinosaurs could adapt to our environment.

Whether dinosaurs could survive long enough in our modern world

In Jurassic World Dominion, the toothy ones have integrated into society…

history

History

Jurassic World: Could we live alongside dinosaurs? | BBC Science Focus Magazine

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