Listening is essential if you want to have a meaningful exchange with another person.
When you listen in a way that the other person feels heard, they are more likely to relax, open up and share information with you.

The essential skill of listening

Nonverbal attending means giving someone your full attention without speaking.
<ul>
<li>Keep your body open to the other person. Try to be relaxed, and lean forward a bit if you're sitting.</li>
<li>Maintain eye contact without looking like you are staring.</li>
<li>Use simple gestures such as head nods or occasionally say "Mm-hmmm" to communicate encouragement.</li>
<li>See how long you can listen without interrupting.</li>
</ul>

Nonverbal attending

Reflecting means repeating or rephrasing key content or meaning from the other person.
Instead of saying, "I hear you," summarise and paraphrase the content confirming that you heard them and that you accurately understood them. If you didn't quite understand what they were saying, it allows them to correct you.

How to signal you are truly listening to someone

As you listen, questions will come up in your head. But asking questions can interrupt the other person's thinking and derail a conversation.
<ul>
<li>Always attend and reflect before you ask a question.</li>
<li>When you do ask a question to encourage dialogue, use open-ended questions that cannot be answered with a yes or no. Keep the questions simple without trying to impress them with your exceptional question.</li>
<li>Stay neutral in tone and content. A loud tone can come across as judgment.</li>
</ul>

Insert questions into a conversation at the right time

<img width="720" height="432" src="https://tedideas.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/final_listening.jpg?w=750" alt="" srcset="https://tedideas.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/final_listening.jpg?w=750 750w, https://tedideas.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/final_listening.jpg?w=1500 1500w, https://tedideas.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/final_listening.jpg?w=150 150w, https://tedideas.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/final_listening.jpg?w=300 300w, https://tedideas.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/final_listening.jpg?w=768 768w, https://tedideas.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/final_listening.jpg?w=1024 1024w"><div class="caption" dir="ltr"> Avalon Nuovo</div>This post is part of TED’s “How to Be a Better Human” series, each of which contains a piece of helpful advice from people in the TED community;&nbsp;browse through&nbsp;<a href="https://ideas.ted.com/tag/how-to-be-a-better-human/" rel="noopener" dir="ltr">all the posts here</a>.Listening may not be the most exciting part of conversation, but it’s essential if you want to have a meaningful exchange with another person. Think about a time you felt misunderstood by somebody. Did you defend yourself? Correct them? Or simply disengage? Regardless of your response, you likely didn’t feel comfortable with them.Now think of how it feels to be understood — you can relax, you want to open up, you feel more trusting. When you listen in a way that makes the other person feel heard, they are more likely to share information with you. And when you are actively listening, you are also more likely to take it in.In my training as a psychologist, I spent a lot of time learning how to actively listen. I can tell you from years of experience that having a productive dialogue is not possible without active listening.<h2>The 1st active listening skill is nonverbal attending</h2>Nonverbal attending means giving someone your full attention without speaking. Here are some of the basics.Keep your body open to the other person. Try to be relaxed but attentive. If you’re sitting, lean forward a bit rather than slouching back.Maintain moderate levels of eye contact. Look at the speaker but not like you’re in a staring contest with them.Use simple gestures to communicate to the other person that you’re listening and encouraging them to continue. Head nods are one way — just don’t do it continuously. Occasionally say “Mm-hmm” to communicate encouragement.The final key to nonverbal attending is staying silent. Remember: You can’t listen very well if you’re talking. In fact, if you rearrange the letters of the word “listen,” it spells “silent.” I can’t believe it took me 20 years of teaching to discover this, but it’s a useful reminder!Offering somebody uninterrupted time to talk, even a few minutes, is a generous gift that we seldom give each other. It doesn’t mean you have to keep your mouth shut for hours and hours, but I encourage you to see how long you can simply listen to somebody without wanting to interrupt.Some people find the most difficult part of listening is not talking. Remember: There’s a deep humility in listening because the focus is more on understanding the other person rather than on saying everything that comes into your mind. You want to understand and help the speaker feel understood, and reserve your speech for what moves you closer to these goals.<h2>The 2nd active listening skill is reflecting</h2>Reflecting means repeating or rephrasing key content or meaning from the other person.A reflection communicates that you heard what the other person said. But rather than saying, “I hear you,” you show you’ve heard them by sharing back what they said. It also confirms that you have an accurate understanding of them.If you’re a little off target, it gives them an opportunity to correct you. This can be useful if you didn’t quite understand what they were saying.For example, let’s say a friend tells you, “I just came from a PTA meeting, and I’m so frustrated with charter schools! They’re draining money from the school system which is already stretched, so we don’t have the funds to support students and teachers. Plus, they’re weakening the teachers’ union. I wish the charter school parents would put all that energy into supporting existing schools instead of creating new ones.”If you said, “You think charter schools are ruining the educational system,” your friend could clarify, “Well, not exactly ruining it as much as creating challenges for the existing schools.”Now you may be wondering, “Won’t that be weird to just repeat back what they’re saying?” Or, “They just said it. How can it be helpful for me to say it back?”Reflecting typically feels more awkward for the person doing it — you — than for the person hearing it. What I know, and what’s supported by considerable research, is that people like having their thoughts and feelings reflected back to them.Just don’t repeat them back word for word. Use fewer words and summarize rather than transcribe. I call this “nuggetizing.” Get at the nugget of what they’re saying, and say it briefly so you don’t interrupt the flow. Focus on something that seems meaningful to the other person; pull out an idea that gets to the heart of what they’re saying. You could preface your reflection with one of these phrases: “I hear you saying,” “It sounds as though,” “So….”The crucial role of reflection is to help people feel heard, and to make sure you understand them. It’s more important to simply be present than to be brilliant.<h2>The 3rd active listening skill is asking open-ended questions</h2>As you listen, questions will pop into your head, and you’ll want answers. While questions are very appealing, they have the potential to interrupt the other person’s thinking, to shift the focus to your agenda, to interfere with connection and to derail a conversation.To use questions effectively, keep a few things in mind.Always attend and reflect before you ask a question. Understanding the other person and helping them feel understood provides a strong foundation before you ask a question. If you haven’t communicated that you heard someone, they may not be inclined to open up in response to your question.You may feel like asking questions communicates your interest. That may be true, but if you attend and reflect first, a question says, “I’m interested in what you just said” rather than “I’m interested in your response to what I want to hear about.”When you do ask a question to promote dialogue, it’s most effective to use questions that are open-ended, that cannot be answered simply with a “yes” or “no”. For example, rather than asking “Do you think public charter schools should receive the same level of funding as other public schools?” which can be answered “yes” or “no,” you might ask, “How do you think public charter schools should be funded?” Open-ended questions promote elaboration and exploration.Just as in reflecting, you want to keep questions simple. Resist the urge to try to guide or impress the other person with your exceptionally astute question.One of my favorite and most concise ways to ask questions is simply to repeat back a key word with an upward intonation. For example, if somebody says, “I just feel like the world is so dangerous,” you can say “Dangerous?” By using the upward intonation, the word becomes a question. It says, “Tell me more about dangerous.”It’s important to stay neutral in both tone and content. Judgment and opinion come across loud and clear in tone. Saying, “Is that where you’re going on vacation?” is more contentious than “Tell me how you chose to go there for vacation” (which is a statement that’s really a question).It’s also important to think about when to ask your question. Don’t interrupt the other person just to ask a question.The final thing to keep in mind about attending, reflecting and open-ended questions is that these tools are intended to help promote understanding by developing greater connection. Connection is the most important thing.So if the tools aren’t working in a situation or if you’re able to have connection without the tools, don’t force them. That said, don’t underestimate them either. They’re backed by research and experience, and they can help you to navigate the unpredictable, challenging waters of dialogue with others.Excerpted from the new book <a href="https://geni.us/MpCJ" rel="noopener" dir="ltr">Beyond Your Bubble: How to Connect Across the Political Divide, Skills and Strategies for Conversations That Work</a> by Tania Israel, PhD. Reprinted with permission from the American Psychological Association. Copyright © 2020 by American Psychological Association.Watch <a href="http://taniaisrael.com/" rel="noopener" dir="ltr">Tania Israel</a>‘s <a href="https://tedx.ucla.edu/" rel="noopener" dir="ltr">TEDxUCLA</a> Talk here:&nbsp;<div class="embed-placeholder" data-type="youtube" data-id="APPb__tpGHk"></div><h3>About the author</h3><a href="https://ideas.ted.com/author/tania-israel/" dir="ltr">Tania Israel</a> PhD is a professor in the department of counseling, clinical and school psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She leads dialogue skill-building workshops to help people connect across political differences and teaches about helping skills, leadership and community collaboration. She has also facilitated educational programs and difficult dialogues on a range of topics, including abortion, law enforcement, religion and sexual orientation.

Psychologist Tania Israel shares the 3 basic skills that go into active listening.

communication

Communication

teamwork

Teamwork

This post is part of TED’s “How to Be a Better Human” series, each of which contains a piece of helpful advice from people in the TED community;  browse through <a href="https://ideas.ted.com/tag/how-to-be-a-better-human/">all the posts here </a>.

Listening may not be the most exciting part of conversation, but it’s essential if you want to have a meaningful exchange with another person.

Think about a time you felt misunderstood by somebody. Did you defend yourself? Correct them? Or simply disengage? Regardless of your response, you likely didn’t feel comfortable with them.

Now think of how it feels to be understood — you can relax, you want to open up, you feel more trusting. When you listen in a way that makes the other person feel heard, they are more likely to share information with you. And when you are actively listening, you are also more likely to take it in.

In my training as a psychologist, I spent a lot of time learning how to actively listen. I can tell you from years of experience that having a productive dialogue is not possible without active listening.

The 1st active listening skill is nonverbal attending

Nonverbal attending means giving someone your full attention without speaking. Here are some of the basics.

Keep your body open to the other person. Try to be relaxed but attentive. If you’re sitting, lean forward a bit rather than slouching back.

Maintain moderate levels of eye contact. Look at the speaker but not like you’re in a staring contest with them.

Use simple gestures to communicate to the other person that you’re listening and encouraging them to continue. Head nods are one way — just don’t do it continuously. Occasionally say “Mm-hmm” to communicate encouragement.

The final key to nonverbal attending is staying silent. Remember: You can’t listen very well if you’re talking. In fact, if you rearrange the letters of the word “listen,” it spells “silent.” I can’t believe it took me 20 years of teaching to discover this, but it’s a useful reminder!

Offering somebody uninterrupted time to talk, even a few minutes, is a generous gift that we seldom give each other. It doesn’t mean you have to keep your mouth shut for hours and hours, but I encourage you to see how long you can simply listen to somebody without wanting to interrupt.

Some people find the most difficult part of listening is not talking. Remember: There’s a deep humility in listening because the focus is more on understanding the other person rather than on saying everything that comes into your mind. You want to understand and help the speaker feel understood, and reserve your speech for what moves you closer to these goals.

The 2nd active listening skill is reflecting

Reflecting means repeating or rephrasing key content or meaning from the other person.

A reflection communicates that you heard what the other person said. But rather than saying, “I hear you,” you show you’ve heard them by sharing back what they said. It also confirms that you have an accurate understanding of them.

If you’re a little off target, it gives them an opportunity to correct you. This can be useful if you didn’t quite understand what they were saying.

For example, let’s say a friend tells you, “I just came from a PTA meeting, and I’m so frustrated with charter schools! They’re draining money from the school system which is already stretched, so we don’t have the funds to support students and teachers. Plus, they’re weakening the teachers’ union. I wish the charter school parents would put all that energy into supporting existing schools instead of creating new ones.”

If you said, “You think charter schools are ruining the educational system,” your friend could clarify, “Well, not exactly ruining it as much as creating challenges for the existing schools.”

Now you may be wondering, “Won’t that be weird to just repeat back what they’re saying?” Or, “They just said it. How can it be helpful for me to say it back?”

Reflecting typically feels more awkward for the person doing it — you — than for the person hearing it. What I know, and what’s supported by considerable research, is that people like having their thoughts and feelings reflected back to them.

Just don’t repeat them back word for word. Use fewer words and summarize rather than transcribe. I call this “nuggetizing.” Get at the nugget of what they’re saying, and say it briefly so you don’t interrupt the flow. Focus on something that seems meaningful to the other person; pull out an idea that gets to the heart of what they’re saying. You could preface your reflection with one of these phrases: “I hear you saying,” “It sounds as though,” “So….”

The crucial role of reflection is to help people feel heard, and to make sure you understand them. It’s more important to simply be present than to be brilliant.

The 3rd active listening skill is asking open-ended questions

As you listen, questions will pop into your head, and you’ll want answers. While questions are very appealing, they have the potential to interrupt the other person’s thinking, to shift the focus to your agenda, to interfere with connection and to derail a conversation.

To use questions effectively, keep a few things in mind.

Always attend and reflect before you ask a question. Understanding the other person and helping them feel understood provides a strong foundation before you ask a question. If you haven’t communicated that you heard someone, they may not be inclined to open up in response to your question.

You may feel like asking questions communicates your interest. That may be true, but if you attend and reflect first, a question says, “I’m interested in what you just said” rather than “I’m interested in your response to what I want to hear about.”

When you do ask a question to promote dialogue, it’s most effective to use questions that are open-ended, that cannot be answered simply with a “yes” or “no”. For example, rather than asking “Do you think public charter schools should receive the same level of funding as other public schools?” which can be answered “yes” or “no,” you might ask, “How do you think public charter schools should be funded?” Open-ended questions promote elaboration and exploration.

Just as in reflecting, you want to keep questions simple. Resist the urge to try to guide or impress the other person with your exceptionally astute question.

One of my favorite and most concise ways to ask questions is simply to repeat back a key word with an upward intonation. For example, if somebody says, “I just feel like the world is so dangerous,” you can say “Dangerous?” By using the upward intonation, the word becomes a question. It says, “Tell me more about dangerous.”

It’s important to stay neutral in both tone and content. Judgment and opinion come across loud and clear in tone. Saying, “Is that where you’re going on vacation?” is more contentious than “Tell me how you chose to go there for vacation” (which is a statement that’s really a question).

It’s also important to think about when to ask your question. Don’t interrupt the other person just to ask a question.

The final thing to keep in mind about attending, reflecting and open-ended questions is that these tools are intended to help promote understanding by developing greater connection. Connection is the most important thing.

So if the tools aren’t working in a situation or if you’re able to have connection without the tools, don’t force them. That said, don’t underestimate them either. They’re backed by research and experience, and they can help you to navigate the unpredictable, challenging waters of dialogue with others.

Excerpted from the new book <a href="https://geni.us/MpCJ">Beyond Your Bubble: How to Connect Across the Political Divide, Skills and Strategies for Conversations That Work </a>by Tania Israel, PhD. Reprinted with permission from the American Psychological Association. Copyright © 2020 by American Psychological Association.

Watch <a href="http://taniaisrael.com/">Tania Israel </a>‘s <a href="https://tedx.ucla.edu/">TEDxUCLA </a>Talk here:

<a href="https://ideas.ted.com/author/tania-israel/">Tania Israel </a> PhD is a professor in the department of counseling, clinical and school psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She leads dialogue skill-building workshops to help people connect across political differences and teaches about helping skills, leadership and community collaboration. She has also facilitated educational programs and difficult dialogues on a range of topics, including abortion, law enforcement, religion and sexual orientation.

How to listen — really listen — to someone you don’t agree with

The essential skill of listening

Nonverbal attending

How to signal you are truly listening to someone

Insert questions into a conversation at the right time

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