“You’re unlikely to discover something new without a lot of practice on old stuff, but further, you should get a heck of a lot of fun out of working out funny relations and interesting things.”

<ul><li>You're unlikely to discover something new without a lot of practice on old stuff.</li><li>If you want to create something new, you have to work yourself on all the pre-existing and pre-established stuff.</li></ul>

What Does That Mean? 🤔

“It is important to doubt and that the doubt is not a fearful thing, but a thing of great value.”

<ul><li>Doubt is a crucial element for creativity.</li><li>Today, very few students are taught how to think, and question, and doubt what they have been taught.</li></ul>

“No problem is too small or too trivial if we can really do something about it.”

<ul><li>If you clearly understand something, you should be able to explain it to anyone in a way that they understand it.</li><li>Feynman’s final blackboard at Caltech read “Know how to solve every problem that has been solved.”</li></ul>

“If you can’t explain something to a first year student, then you haven’t really understood.”

<ul><li>If you clearly understand something, you should be able to explain it to anyone in a way that they understand it.</li><li>Feynman believed that teaching is a very powerful tool for learning things.</li></ul>

“The only way to deep happiness is to do something you love to the best of your ability.”

<ul><li>Ultimate happiness lies in doing something that you love.</li><li>Feynman believed that one shouldn’t always rely on textbooks, the world itself is a big learning centre.</li><li>If you do not do what you love doing, you are doomed to failure and perhaps depression</li></ul>

Seemingly easy tips from one of the greatest educators on Earth.

I have been writing about Richard Feynman for quite some time now and if you are reading this you probably already know this thing. One of the reasons why many of my articles are surrounded around…

personaldevelopment

Personal Development

education

Learning & Education

problemsolving

Problem Solving

5 Powerful Study Tips From Richard Feynman

You’re unlikely to discover something new without a lot of practice on old stuff, but further, you should get a heck of a lot of fun out of working out funny relations and interesting things.

It is important to doubt and that the doubt is not a fearful thing, but a thing of great value.

No problem is too small or too trivial if we can really do something about it.

If you can’t explain something to a first year student, then you haven’t really understood.

The only way to deep happiness is to do something you love to the best of your ability.

Some of the best thoughts from Richard Feynman...

Managers are in meetings all the time & yet nothing gets done. That's because we treat all meetings the same. According to McKinsey there are 3 types of interactions with different prescriptions:<ol><li>Decision making, including complex or uncertain decisions (for example, investment decisions) and cross-cutting routine decisions (such as quarterly business reviews)</li><li>Creative solutions & coordination (for example, developing new products) and routine working sessions (such as daily check-ins)</li><li>Information sharing, including one-way (video, text) and two-way communication (such as town halls with Q&As)</li></ol>

3 Types of Work Interactions

<ul><li>Face to face, live, old-school meetings are a must when tackling important decision making or when brainstorming</li><li>Remote video-calls work for routine decisions or working sessions.  </li><li>One way information sharing would be async and no meeting should be required. Too much time is spent on sharing ideas. </li></ul>

How to interact at work?

Are you in meetings and always busy. McKinsey think we should use different techniques for different work interactions. 

philosophy

Philosophy

career

Career

On work interactions

Over 78% of people globally own a smartphone and rely on it for completing tasks. As a result, MLearning has become a necessity.
L&D leaders should consider if their current training strategy is in line with a mobile-first future and how their organisation can take advantage of this technology.

mLearning is a necessity

mLearning is a term used to describe learning from a personal electronic device that connects to the internet, such as mobile, laptops and tablets.
Mobile learning can be used to deliver the following content types and more:
<ul>
<li>eLearning courses</li>
<li>Training videos</li>
<li>Audio lectures and podcasts</li>
<li>Blog posts</li>
<li>Interactive games</li>
<li>Virtual coaching sessions</li>
<li>Custom apps</li>
</ul>
A survey showed that 72% of respondents rated mLearning as likely to increase engagement. Another study found mobile learners completed their courses almost twice as fast.

mLearning (mobile learning)

L&D leaders should ensure the solutions they invest in are compatible with the latest mobile technology.  One way is to find responsive authoring tools, which will allow developers to create content that can adjust to various devices and screen sizes.

Find the right tool for the job

One main consideration is how to best deliver content for use on mobile devices. Poor user experience is one of the biggest barriers to satisfaction. L&D leaders can ensure their LMS offers a well-designed and easy-to-use mobile interface by asking learners specific questions about the UX. LMS should offer rich data tracking so teams can measure training progress.

Enhance user experience

47% of organisations use mobile devices in their training programs. They are expected to grow from $23 billion to $80 billion by 2027. This will lead to increased quantity and quality content choices. L&D teams can accommodate learner preferences by partnering with high quality, mobile-friendly content providers.

Look for quality

Companies with a bring-your-own-device approach must consider the additional resources needed to support a plethora of devices. The biggest challenges of delivering mLearning are bandwidth and connectivity issues as well as security challenges. These challenges can be addressed by having an ongoing partnership with IT.

Get support from IT

L&D teams can make mLearning content even more flexible and inclusive with offline content. Certain LMSs allow learners to pre-download content for easy access. Learners who take advantage of these features while connected to WiFi at the office won't need added data if they choose to view the content on the go. Technologies like SCORM allow user data to be harvested and synchronized once the learner is connected again.

Offer offline content

mLearning can use the existing tools on a smartphone to enhance the learning experience and make it more interactive and personalised. <ul><li>A device's GPS and push notifications can be used to offer applicable content based on a learner's specific location.</li><li>Learners can use their cameras to capture actual conditions in the field to share with other learners.</li><li>Chat features can help learners interact and collaborate.</li></ul>

Make it engaging


habits

Habits

productivity

Productivity

The Key Benefits of Micro-Learning

With people relying on mobile devices for more tasks than ever, mLearning is no longer simply nice to have, but a necessity. 

humanresources

Human Resources

mLearning: A guide to mobile learning strategies and trends

Education is more than just an organized system of learning. Education should expand our consciousness, capabilities, sensitivities, and cultural understanding. It should enlarge our worldview. As we all live in two worlds—the world within you that exists only because you do, and the world around you—the core purpose of education is to enable students to understand both worlds. In today’s climate, there is also a new and urgent challenge: to provide forms of education that engage young people with the global-economic issues of environmental well-being.

The Purpose Of Education

<ul><li>Learning is the process of acquiring new skills and understanding</li><li>Training is a type of education that is focused on learning specific skills</li></ul>Children love to learn, they do it naturally; many have a hard time with education, and some have big problems with school.Young people need to know, understand, and be able to do certain things. As a result, many do not fit in the assumptions of compulsory education.

Learning Vs Training

There are a few terms that are often confused or used interchangeably—“learning,” “education,” “training,” and “school”—but there are important differences between them. It is vital that we differentiate these terms: Children love to learn, they do it naturally; many have a hard time with education, and some have big problems with school.

Understanding The Various Terms

<ul><li>Education should enable young people to engage with the world within them as well as the world around them</li><li>All individuals have unique strengths and weaknesses, outlooks and personalities.</li><li>Students do not come in standard physical shapes or sizes.</li><li>They all have their own aptitudes and dispositions and different ways of understanding things.</li></ul>

The First Purpose: Personal

<ul><li>There are various definitions of culture, but the most appropriate is "the values and forms of behaviour that characterize different social groups."</li><li>Education is one of the ways that communities pass on values from one generation to the next.</li><li>Living respectfully with diversity is not just an ethical choice, it is a practical imperative.</li></ul>

The Second Purpose: Cultural

<ul><li>Education should enable students to become economically responsible and independent.</li><li>An educated workforce is essential to creating economic prosperity.</li><li>The world of work has changed so profoundly since the Industrial Revolution.</li><li>Many jobs are disappearing and being rapidly replaced by contemporary counterparts.</li><li>Schools need to prepare students to navigate this ever-changing economic landscape.</li></ul>

The Third Purpose: Economic

<ul><li>Education should enable young people to become active and compassionate citizens.</li><li>For a democratic society to function, it depends upon the majority of its people being active within the democratic process.</li><li>In many democracies, this is not the case.</li><li>Schools should engage students in becoming active, and proactive, democratic participants.</li></ul>

The Fourth Purpose: Social

The conventional curriculum is based on a collection of separate subjects. These are prioritized according to beliefs around the limited understanding of intelligence we discussed in the previous chapter, as well as what is deemed to be important later in life. The idea of “subjects” suggests that each subject, whether mathematics, science, art, or language, stands completely separate from all the other subjects. This is problematic, and as we later find out, incorrect as well.

The Standard Curriculum

The concept of disciplines brings us to a better starting point when planning the curriculum, which is to ask what students should know and be able to do as a result of their education. The four purposes suggest eight core competencies that if properly integrated into education, will equip students who leave school to engage in the economic, cultural, social, and personal challenges they will inevitably face in their lives. These competencies are curiosity, creativity, criticism, communication, collaboration, compassion, composure, and citizenship.

The Eight Competencies

Education should not be one size fits all.

Read an excerpt from a new book by Sir Ken Robinson and Kate Robinson, which calls for redesigning education for the future.

technologyandthefuture

Technology & The Future

artsandculture

Society, Arts & Culture

What Is Education For?

For all the aspiring programmers, here are the top YouTube channels to learn coding that you can subscribe.

This is the official YouTube channel of <a href="https://www.teamtreehouse.com/">teamtreehouse.com</a>. Treehouse is a learning resource platform established with the mission of providing affordable education in technology. Treehouse offers lessons on numerous topics including coding in Python and C#. The videos are delivered in a casual and easy-to-understand style by a variety of presenters. The channel’s content also includes helpful tips and interviews.

Treehouse

FreeCodeCamp’s YouTube channel is one of the best platforms to learn coding from absolute scratch. This channel is a great source for long, full-scale courses in popular web development and programming tools such as Python, JavaScript, HTML and CSS, Java, and much more. If you are new to web development, there’s a full HTML and CSS course with over 11 hours to start building websites from scratch.

FreeCodeCamp.org

It's the go-to channel to get a glimpse of everything in programming. It has very short 100 sec explanatory videos for all the topics. High-intensity code tutorials to help you build & ship your app faster. The channel covers intermediate to advanced lessons about JavaScript, Flutter, Firebase, and modern app development.

Fireship

TheNewBoston is one of the biggest YouTube channels that teach programming. The channel’s packed with thousands of lesson videos on HTML5, JavaScript, C, C++, Python, PHP, and more. Whether you’re looking to learn programming, web design, or software development, this channel is a good place to start.

TheNewBoston

The Net Ninja is a YouTube channel where you can find all sorts of coding tutorials that can help you develop basic, intermediate, and advanced programming skills. Shaun Pelling, the creator of the channel, creates short (under 15 mins) and straightforward videos that focus on taking you through all stages of learning. You won’t find entertaining videos, live streaming, or tech news on this channel.

The Net Ninja

For absolute beginners, Edureka is one of the best YouTube channels to learn web development, as it provides extensive videos covering a vast range of topics. From DevOps to artificial intelligence, machine learning to Python, the channel is home to a different niche of video tutorials on major technologies.

Edureka

This channel has everything you need for programming. It has a vast range of tutorials. On this channel, you will be able to find tutorials on topics such as Python, Angular, and React. The quality of the content is impeccable. It’ll undoubtedly help you broaden your programming knowledge and enhance your computer programming skills.

Traversy Media

Banas is the creator of the hugely popular ‘Learn JavaScript in 30 Minutes’ playlist. Banas specializes in compact lessons for fast learning. You will also find videos for entire topic like Learn the Ruby Programming Language in just one video. He goes through a wide range of programming topics with content that includes thorough guides on PHP, along with Java and MySQL.

Derek Banas

DevTips is a YouTube channel with programming tips and tutorials for more experienced developers. You will find helpful tips for improving your coding skills and becoming a better developer. This channel focuses on web and software development, but they also publish videos with tips for learning and starting a tech career.

DevTips

It’s a collection of short video tutorials on web development, programming, and design. The videos normally don’t run longer than 10 mins, and you can cover a single topic in 5-10 short tutorials. If you’re a learner with a short attention span and don’t think you can manage to sit through hours of lessons, this channel is a perfect choice for you.

LevelUpTuts

All these YouTube channels will help everyone from beginner to advanced level, in exploring and sharpening much needed programming skills.

There's a huge demand for coding languages and YouTube is the best platform to learn coding. Here is the list of the top 10 YouTube channels to learn coding in 2022.

computerscience

Computer Science

Top 10 YouTube Channels to Learn Coding in 2022

<ol><li>Environment</li><li>Experience</li><li>Education</li></ol>

Factors That Determine Our Attitude

1. Change focus, look for the positive2. Make a habit of doing it now3. Develop an attitude of gratitude4. Get into a continuous education program5. Build a positive self-esteem6. Stay away from negative influences<ul><li> Negative people</li><li>Smoking, drugs and alcohol</li><li>Pornography</li><li>Negetive movies and television programs</li><li>Profanity</li><li>Rock music</li></ul>7. Learn to like the things that need to be done8. Start your day with positive

Steps To Building A Positive Attitude

1. Desire2. Commitment3. Responsibility4. Hard work5. Character6. Positive believing7. Give more than you get8. The power of persistence9. Pride of performance10. Be willing to be a student - Get a mentor

Qualities That Make A Person Successful

1. Unwillingness to take risks2. Lack of persistence3. Instant gratification4. Lack of priorities5. Looking for shortcuts6. Selfishness and greed7. Lack of conviction8. Lack of understanding of nature's law9. Unwillingness to plan and prepare10. Restionalizing11. Not learning from past mistakes12. Inability to recognize opportunity13. Fear14. Inability to use talent15. Lack of decipline16. Poor self-esteem17. Lack of knowledge18. Fatalistic attitude19. Lack of purpose20. Lack of courage

Reasons For Failure Why We Don't Achieve Excellence 

1. Turn scars into stars2. Learn intelligent ignorance3. Do something for others who cannot repay4. Learn to give and receive compliments5. Accept responsibility6. Set goal7. Associate with people of high moral character8. Test of friendship9. Peer pressure10. Moderation11. Become internally driven, not externally driven12. Develop a mindset that brings happiness13. Give yourself positive auto-suggestions14. Our greatest strength can become our greatest weakness15. Our greatest weakness can become our greatest strength16. Have patience17. Make a list of all your strengths and weaknesses

Steps To Building A Positive Self-esteem

1. Accept responsibility2. Consideration3. Think win / win4. Choose your words carefully5. Don't criticize and complain6. Smile and be kind7. Put positive interpretation on other people's behaviour8. Be a good listener9. Be enthusiastic10. Give honest and sincere appreciation11. When we make a mistake, we should accept it immediately and willingly12. When the other person realises and admits that he has made a mistake, congratulate him and give him a way out to save face13. Discuss but don't argue14. Don't gossip15. Turn your promises into commitments16. Be grateful but don't expect gratitude

Steps To Building A Positive Personality 

17. Be dependable and practice loyalty18. Avoid bearing grudges. Forgive and forget19. Practice honesty, integrity and sincerity20. Practice humality21. Be understanding and caring22. Practice courtesy on a daily basis23. Develop a sense of humour24. Don't be sarcastic and put others down25. To have a friend, be a friend26. Show empathy

If you read it carefully and follow the points your life will change.

Winners don't different things, they do things differently A practical, common-sense guide that will lead you from ancient wisdom to modern-day thinking, You Can Win will help you to establish new goals, develop a renewed sense of purpose, and generate fresh and exciting ideas about yourself and your future. Shiv Khera guarantees, as the title suggests, a lifetime of success. The book enables you to translate positive thinking into attitude, ambition and action, all of which combine to give you the winning edge. This book will help you to: · Build confidence by mastering the seven steps to positive thinking; · Be successful by turning weaknesses into strengths; · Gain credibility by doing the right things for the right reasons; · Take charge by controlling things instead of letting them control you; · Build trust by developing mutual respect with the people around you; and · Accomplish more by removing the barriers to effectiveness.

mindfulness

Mindfulness

motivationandinspiration

Motivation & Inspiration

books

Books

Winners don't different things, they do things differently A practical, common-sense guide that will lead you from ancient wisdom to modern-day thinking, You Can Win will help you to establish new goals, develop a renewed sense of purpose, and generate fresh and exciting ideas about yourself and your future. Shiv Khera guarantees, as the title suggests, a lifetime of success. The book enables you to translate positive thinking into attitude, ambition and action, all of which combine to give you the winning edge. This book will help you to: · Build confidence by mastering the seven steps to positive thinking; · Be successful by turning weaknesses into strengths; · Gain credibility by doing the right things for the right reasons; · Take charge by controlling things instead of letting them control you; · Build trust by developing mutual respect with the people around you; and · Accomplish more by removing the barriers to effectiveness.

Shiv Khera is an accomplished writer whose work has resonated with readers around the world. Shiv Khera has published several books that explore a range of topics, from fiction to nonfiction, and has received critical acclaim for the ability to weave compelling narratives. Shiv Khera's writing style is known for its depth and authenticity, and has earned quite a loyal following of readers.

Shiv Khera

You Can Win

“A teacher divides a class into two groups. Group A only has to produce one clay pot. Group B has to make as many clay pots as possible. In the end, not only did Group B make more clay pots, but their final pots were better than the ones made by Group A. Quantity leads to quality.”
The argument in The Clay Pot Story is that if you want to get better, you’ve got to produce again and again, not theorise over it. But it is missing a big component.

Repeating Tasks ≠ Progress

What is missing from most stories is that the quantity group of the Clay Pot Story was turning out piles of work and learning from their mistakes while the "quality" group theorised about perfection and had little to show for their efforts. The real message is to engage in the full learning cycle.

The Real Clay Pot Story

If you want to transform your learning, consider the four pillars of Experiential Learning: <ol><li>Active Experimentation: Figuring out a way to improve based on an idea.</li><li>Concrete Experience: Actually doing something.</li><li>Reflective Observation: Doing a postmortem, or reflecting on the experience.</li><li>Abstract Conceptualization: Drawing conclusions or principles based on the outcome of that experience that you can use for the next experience.</li></ol>

The Four Steps of the Learning Cycle

Just turning out clay pots, blog posts, loaves of bread doesn't guarantee improvement. Unless you also actively engage in the learning process, you might just be strengthening bad habits. Once you've formed a bad habit, it can be very difficult to break.
You might feel like you're making progress, but unless you're also learning about your situation, you might be stuck in a productivity loop, just collecting the best hack, the best software, the best list of practices. It feels like you're progressing, but you're not.
You'll only really learn if you use all four steps of the learning cycle.

Creating Bad Habits

If you want to get better, you’ve got to produce. Again and again. That’s the argument in The Clay Pot Story. If you haven’t heard it: “A teacher divides a class into two groups. Group A only has to…

Why Doing Things Over and Over Won’t Make You Better

I got my JLPT(Japanese Language Proficiency Test) N5 exam results recently and passed with a 96.8 percentile rank. I was really happy because I was never a top student in any class ever. I was never a hardworking student and HATE sitting in front of a desk with textbooks studying for hours.So, If you are a beginner like me and don’t want to splurge a lot of money on expensive language courses and hate boring textbooks, I am here to help!If you are an intermediate or advanced Japanese learner, you probably already know this or more! Please feel free to share your tips and experiencewith us!

I Passed My JLPT Language Exam Using Only These Online Resources

What do you do waking up first thing in the morning? Brew coffee? Do morning yoga? For me, I just stay in bed and scroll on my phone until I have enough energy to leave my bed.Instead of forcing myself to leave my bed and get up studying, I utilize my time in bed to study.Here are 6 apps that I used to learn basic Japanese while I am staying in bed:<ol><li>Lingodeer</li><li>Duolingo</li><li>テレ朝News</li><li>Easy Japanese News やさしい日本語ニュース</li><li>Instagram</li><li>YouTube</li></ol>These are all FREE apps but some of them have a premium plan you can join to skip ads while learning Japanese. I don't mind watching ads and thus did not join any premium plans.

Learn Japanese Staying Warm And Cozy In Your Bed 

There is no perfect app that will help you to master the language, each of them is good and bad in its own way.For example, Duolingo and Lingodeer are perfect if you are a beginner and want<ul><li>To improve your vocabulary</li><li>To understand basic grammar rules</li><li>A well-structured course to follow</li></ul>Each lesson usually takes 5-10minutes to finish, making it easier to commit to a routine.However, they both are not ideal if you are trying to improve your oral skills.Both apps have oral practice exercises yet the voice recording function is a little bit buggy and could be frustrating when practicing.

Learn Japanese: The Pros & Cons Of Language Learning Apps

テレ朝ニュース & Easy Japanese Newsやさしい日本語ニュース(ESJ) are perfect for strengthening your listening, reading and oral skills.Both apps are Japanese News apps butテレ朝:<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">News is read by REAL Japanese News Anchor</li><li class="ql-align-justify">NO English or other translation is available</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Perfect for shadowing</li></ul>ESJ:<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">News is NOT read by real people but artificial voice assistants </li><li class="ql-align-justify">English and other language translations are available</li><li class="ql-align-justify">News articles are modified into an easier version for beginners to read</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Free JLPT mock exams are available</li></ul>No matter which app you choose, reading the News is always one of the best ways to learn a language!

Learn Japanese: The Pros And Cons Of Japanese News App

One of the best things about learning on Social media is there’re A TON of interesting and new resources. Since I check on my newsfeed on Instagram and watch Youtube for leisure every day anyway, reading Instagram mangas, watching Japanese reels and videos are very entertaining, it didn't feel like I am studying at all.However, some contents might contain inaccurate information that will hinder your learning. Being able to select the right learning materials on social media is crucial yet can be an overwhelming process.

Learn Japanese: The Pros And Cons Of Social Media

The first step is to master 50音 & pick ONE language learning app to start with.Hoarding apps at the beginning is a bad way of learning because information overloading can make you give up easily. Slowly add in more apps/materials after you have a grasp of the basics.After that, create an immersive learning environment for yourself such as <ul><li>Changing the language setting on your social media to Japanese</li><li> Watch Japanese Shows on Netflix </li><li>Find good pages to follow on social media </li></ul>A good beginning is half the battle, everything gets easier & easier after you have a learning routine!

A Road Map For Absolute Beginners 

Looking for more resources? Don't worry, I got you! Useful links:<ul><li>まるごとのことばhttps://words.marugotoweb.jp/top.php</li><li>SK Home Online Language School https://youtube.com/c/SKHOMEyoutubeJapaneseschool</li><li>NHK やさしい日本語https://www.nhk.or.jp/lesson/english/learn/list/</li></ul>Shows for Japanese learners: <ul><li>Terrace house series (Reality TV)</li><li>Shirokuma Cafe (Anime)</li><li>Anohana: The Flower We Saw That Day (Anime)</li></ul>

More Learning Resources

Who said learning a language needs to be boring and tiring? Is it possible to study while staying in bed, feeling comfy and cozy? The answer is YES!

communication

Communication

Self-Learning Japanese Tips

<ul><li>Scrum is the dominant Agile framework.</li><li> Kanban is a method for visualizing, managing, and continually improving a process' ability to deliver a service. </li><li>Metrics provide actionable feedback to guide Agile teams.</li><li>User stories shift the focus from writing requirements to addressing customer needs. </li><li>Product development must become customer-centric. </li><li>Test-first practices ensure that application developers build the right software the first time. </li><li>A key tenet of agility is that practitioners be open to learning new skills.</li></ul>

Core skills

<ul><li>In collaborative development, more than one team member works on a single feature or application at any given time. </li><li>Ownership and collaboration. Workstyle, attitude, and interactions with others impact success as much as any technical or professional skill. </li><li>Agile architecture. Traditional approaches to software architecture do not support an Agile development life cycle.</li></ul>

Value-added skills

<ul><li>Agile database management. Agile teams quickly find that database changes become a constraint that limits velocity. To increase the speed of delivery, cultivate database management skills to become more self-sufficient and reduce dependence on database administrators.</li><li>Scaling Agile. Expanding the validated success of Agile pilots to the broader enterprise is both challenging and rewarding for organizations. </li></ul>

Specialized/emerging skills

As agile adoption spreads, software and application developers need these skills to succeed.

leadershipandmanagement

Leadership & Management

softwareengineering

Software Engineering

12 Agile Skills for Software Developers

Find 100+ Facts about Education - Curated by others from trusted sources like Books, Podcasts & Articles - Genuine Insights from like-minded Users like You!

5 Powerful Study Tips From Richard Feynman

5 Powerful Study Tips From Richard Feynman

On work interactions

mLearning: A guide to mobile learning strategies and trends

What Is Education For?

Top 10 YouTube Channels to Learn Coding in 2022

You Can Win

Why Doing Things Over and Over Won’t Make You Better

Self-Learning Japanese Tips

12 Agile Skills for Software Developers

It's time to Read like a Pro.

It's time to
Read like a Pro.