The Baroque movement refers to a period of artistic and cultural development that spanned approximately from the late 16th century to the early 18th century, primarily in Europe. It encompassed various forms of art, including architecture, sculpture, painting, music, literature, and theater.

Baroque Art Movement

The term "baroque" originated from the Portuguese word "barroco," which means irregularly shaped pearl. It was initially used in a derogatory manner to describe the exaggerated, ornate, and complex artistic style that emerged during this period. However, over time, it came to be recognized as a significant artistic movement with its own unique characteristics and achievements. <ul><li>Note that: A derogatory manner is a way to descriminate or moke something by indirectly stating that is exaggerated and ugly. </li><li>Ornate and complex styles are what became to be know as a symbol or luxury at that time </li></ul>

Origin 

Baroque art is characterized by a grandiose and dramatic style, marked by elaborate ornamentation, rich colors, dynamic compositions, and a strong sense of movement, the key aspectes of style indication are: <ol><li>chiaroscuro</li><li>foreshortening</li><li>Trompe-l'oeil </li><li>Elaborate Ornamentation</li><li>Dynamic Compositions</li><li>Monumental Scale</li><li>Emotional intensity </li></ol>

Teqneches And Styles 

Chiaroscuro is an Italian term that translates to "light-dark" in English. It is a technique used in visual arts, particularly in painting, drawing, and photography, to create a sense of three-dimensional form and depth through the use of contrasting light and shadow. In chiaroscuro, artists manipulate the distribution and intensity of light and shadow to create a dramatic contrast between illuminated areas and areas in shadow. By doing so, they can depict the play of light on objects, create a sense of volume, and enhance the illusion of depth.

What is chiaroscuro? 

Foreshortening is a technique used in visual arts, particularly in drawing and painting, to create the illusion of depth and perspective by depicting objects or figures as if they are receding or extending into space. The difference between it and between the chiaroscuro style is that in foreshortening the artist uses anatomy and physical views more than light and shadows to creat a sensation of movement and 3d dimensional figures, it involves distorting or shortening certain parts of an object or figure to give the impression of it projecting or receding at an angle towards the viewer.

Foreshortening

Trompe-l'oeil is a French term that translates to "deceive the eye" in English. It is an artistic technique used to create the illusion of three-dimensionality and reality, often to such a degree that the viewer may be momentarily deceived into thinking that the depicted objects are real and not mere two-dimensional representations. Trompe-l'oeil works are meticulously executed, employing techniques such as precise perspective, shading, and meticulous attention to detail to create an optical illusion, man can say that it's a combination between chiaroscuro and foreshortning both mixed together

Trompe-l'oeil 

Ornamentation refers to the decorative details and embellishments added to an artwork or object. In a grandiose and dramatic style, ornamentation is often elaborate, intricate, and highly decorative. It includes motifs, patterns, and intricate designs that enhance the visual appeal and richness of the artwork.

Elaborate Ornamentation

Dynamic compositions refer to the arrangement and placement of elements within an artwork to create a sense of movement, energy, and visual interest. In a grandiose and dramatic style, dynamic compositions often include diagonal lines, spirals, and swirling forms. These compositional techniques contribute to a sense of liveliness, drama, and visual excitement.

Dynamic Compositions

Grandiose and dramatic art often features large-scale works, whether it's a massive sculpture, a monumental painting, or an imposing architectural structure. The sheer size and scale of the artwork contribute to its grandeur and ability to command attention.

Monumental Scale

The grandiose and dramatic style aims to evoke strong emotional responses from viewers. It seeks to inspire awe, admiration, or even a sense of theatricality. The artwork may depict powerful or emotionally charged subjects, such as religious scenes or mythological narratives, to intensify the emotional impact.

Emotional Intensity

The Baroque movement was a prolific period for art, and several artists achieved great renown during this time. The following set of ideas are some of the most famous Baroque artists and their notable works

Most Known Artist And Their Works 

<ul><li>"Baldacchino" (1624-1633): A massive bronze canopy located in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, serving as a centerpiece over the high altar.</li><li>The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa" (1647-1652): A sculptural masterpiece depicting Saint Teresa in a state of divine ecstasy </li></ul>

Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) 

<ul><li>"The Calling of Saint Matthew" (1599-1600): A powerful painting portraying the moment when Jesus calls Matthew, the tax collector, to become his disciple.</li><li>"The Conversion of Saint Paul" (1601): A dramatic depiction of the Apostle Paul's conversion, with intense light and shadow creating a striking composition.</li></ul>

Caravaggio (1571-1610)

<ul><li>"The Descent from the Cross" (1612-1614): A monumental altarpiece showing the body of Jesus being taken down from the cross, displaying Rubens' skill in portraying dramatic movement and emotional intensity.</li><li>"The Garden of Love" (1633-1634): A vibrant and dynamic composition depicting a mythological scene of love and revelry.</li></ul>

Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)

<ul><li>"The Night Watch" (1642): One of Rembrandt's most famous paintings, it portrays a group of civic guards in a dynamic and dramatic composition.</li><li>"The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp" (1632): A compelling depiction of a public dissection, showcasing Rembrandt's mastery of light and his ability to capture human expressions.</li></ul>

Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669)

"Las Meninas" (1656): A complex and iconic masterpiece that portrays the Spanish royal family in a large-scale composition, reflecting Velázquez's skills in portraiture and his ability to play with space and perspective.

Diego Velázquez (1599-1660)

<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">"" (1721): A set of six concertos for various instruments, showcasing Bach's intricate counterpoint and innovative orchestration.</li><li class="ql-align-justify">"Mass in B minor" (completed in 1749): A monumental choral work that stands as one of Bach's most significant compositions, displaying his mastery of polyphony and harmonies.﻿</li></ul>

J.S. Bach (1685-1750)

A painting is complete when it has the shadows of a god

All works, no matter what or by whom painted, are nothing but bagatelles and childish trifles... unless they are made and painted from life, and there can be nothing... better than to follow nature.

The Baroque movement could typically be called a perfectionist type, a luxurious approach to Art, depicting the form of what nature, light, shadow movement and dimensions can offer

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The Renaissance period, spanning from the 14th to the 17th century, was a time of great artistic and intellectual innovation in Europe. Numerous pioneers emerged during this era, revolutionizing art and leaving behind a rich legacy of masterpieces. The following set of ideas are some prominent figures from the Renaissance and their most famous painting

A time of great Art

Giotto di Bondone (1266/7-1337) - Considered the father of Renaissance painting.

Famous painting: "The Lamentation," a fresco in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua, Italy.

Giotto di Bondone

The most famous representation of the Lamentation is the fresco painted by Giotto di Bondone in the early 14th century. This particular Lamentation fresco is located in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua, Italy. Giotto's rendition is known for its emotional intensity and realistic portrayal of grief, which was a departure from the flat and stylized Byzantine art that preceded it. The scene is filled with figures expressing their sorrow and anguish over Christ's death.

The Lamentation

Masaccio (1401-1428) - Known for his use of perspective and naturalistic style.

Famous painting: "The Tribute Money," a fresco in the Brancacci Chapel in Florence, Italy.

Masaccio

It is a famous painting created by Masaccio during the early Renaissance period. It is a part of a series of frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel in Florence, Italy. The painting depicts a biblical scene from the Gospel of Matthew (17:24-27) where Jesus and his disciples encounter a tax collector asking for the temple tax. In the painting, Jesus is shown instructing Peter, who holds a fish in his hand. The fish is said to contain a coin that can be used to pay the tax. The episode symbolizes the power and authority of Jesus as well as his divine knowledge and ability to perform miracles.

The Tribute Money

Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510) - Known for his mythological and allegorical works.

Famous painting: "The Birth of Venus," depicting the goddess Venus rising from the sea.

Sandro Botticelli

depicts the mythological birth of the goddess Venus (also known as Aphrodite in Greek mythology) as she emerges fully grown from the sea. The painting portrays Venus standing on a giant scallop shell, being blown towards the shore by the wind Zephyrus, while a nymph, often identified as Chloris, awaits her arrival with a cloak. Botticelli's depiction of Venus is characterized by her idealized beauty, graceful pose, and serene expression. She is presented as a symbol of love, beauty, and fertility. The composition of the painting is balanced and harmonious, with Venus being the central figure

The Birth of Venus

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - A true Renaissance polymath, renowned for his scientific curiosity and artistic genius.

Famous painting: "Mona Lisa," a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, and "The Last Supper," a mural in Milan.

Leonardo da Vinci

The Mona Lisa, or La Gioconda, is one of the most renowned paintings in the world, created by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci during the early 16th century. It is currently housed in the Louvre Museum in Paris, France. The painting is a portrait of a woman believed to be Lisa Gherardini, a Florentine woman from a prominent family. Leonardo's approach to portraiture was innovative for its time, as he sought to capture not only the physical likeness but also the inner essence and personality of the subject.

The Mona Lisa 

Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) - An exceptional sculptor, painter, and architect.

Famous painting: "The Creation of Adam," a fresco on the Sistine Chapel ceiling, and "The Last Judgment," another fresco in the Sistine Chapel.

Michelangelo Buonarroti

depicts the biblical narrative from the Book of Genesis in which God breathes life into Adam, the first human being. The painting portrays God as a bearded, majestic figure extending his arm towards Adam, who lies reclined on the ground. Their fingertips nearly touch, symbolizing the moment of divine spark and the imparting of life. The painting's iconic image of God and Adam reaching out to each other has become deeply ingrained in popular culture, often symbolizing the idea of human potential, the search for knowledge, and the relationship between the divine and the mortal.

The Creation Of Adam 

Raphael (1483-1520) - Known for his harmonious compositions and idealized figures.

Famous painting: "The School of Athens," a fresco in the Vatican depicting ancient philosophers.

Raphael

It is a renowned fresco painting by the Italian artist Raphael, created during the High Renaissance period. It is part of a series of frescoes adorning the walls of the Vatican's Apostolic Palace in Rome. The central figures of the painting are the philosophers Plato and Aristotle, who are portrayed in the forefront and are recognizable by their distinctive appearance. Plato points upwards, symbolizing his belief in the realm of ideal forms, while Aristotle gestures towards the ground, representing his emphasis on empirical observation and the physical world

The School Of Athens 

Titian (c. 1488-1576) - One of the most important Venetian painters, renowned for his use of color and brushwork.

Famous painting: "Venus of Urbino," an allegorical painting of Venus, and "Bacchus and Ariadne."

Titian

The Venus of Urbino is considered a masterpiece of Renaissance art due to its technical brilliance and its ability to capture the sensuality and beauty of the female form. It has had a profound influence on subsequent artists, serving as a model for countless reclining female nude paintings throughout art history.

Venus of Urbino

Renaissance of Art 14th - 17th

There have been numerous art movements and schools throughout history, each with its own distinctive characteristics and philosophies. Here are some significant art movements and schools that have been established throughout history in acen

Art Movements Schools 

The Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement characterized by a revival of classical ideals, humanism, and a focus on realistic representation. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael flourished during this period.

Renaissance - 14th to 17th

Baroque art was known for its dramatic and grandiose style, featuring ornate details, exaggerated motion, and strong emotions. Artists such as Caravaggio, Rembrandt, and Gian Lorenzo Bernini were prominent figures in this movement.

Baroque - 17th century

Rococo was an art movement characterized by a light, playful, and ornate style, often depicting scenes of love, nature, and frivolity. Jean-Honoré Fragonard and François Boucher were notable Rococo artists.

Rococo - 18th Century 

Neoclassicism drew inspiration from classical antiquity, focusing on order, reason, and idealized forms. Jacques-Louis David and Antonio Canova were prominent Neoclassical artists.

Neoclassicism - late 18th to early 19th century 

Romanticism emphasized individuality, emotion, imagination, and a connection with nature. Artists like Eugène Delacroix, J.M.W. Turner, and Caspar David Friedrich were leading figures in this movement.

Romanticism - Late 18th Century To mid 19th

Realism sought to depict everyday life and ordinary people in a truthful and objective manner, often addressing social and political issues. Gustave Courbet and Jean-François Millet were key Realist artists.

Realism - mid 19th century

Impressionism, as a reaction against the strict conventions of Realism, focused on capturing fleeting impressions of light, color, and atmosphere. Artists like Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Edgar Degas were prominent figures in the Impressionist movement.

Impressionism - Late 19th Century 

Symbolism explored mystical, spiritual, and dreamlike themes, often using symbolic imagery to convey emotions and ideas. Gustav Klimt and Odilon Redon were influential Symbolist artists.

Symbolism - late 19th century

Cubism revolutionized the representation of form and space, breaking subjects into geometric shapes and multiple viewpoints simultaneously. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque were pioneers of this movement.

Cubism early 20th century 

Surrealism explored the realm of dreams, the subconscious, and the irrational, creating bizarre and fantastical imagery. Salvador Dalí, René Magritte, and Max Ernst were key Surrealist artists.

Surrealism - 20th century

Abstract Expressionism emphasized spontaneous and gestural painting, often devoid of recognizable subject matter, focusing on the emotional and physical act of creating. Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning were prominent Abstract Expressionists.

Abstract Expressionism - mid 20th century

Different art movements have played a significant role in the diversity of the established art and cultural idioms throughout history, however it is important to recognize different forms of schools and their development throughout centuries 

Gathering Art Movements 

<ul><li>Kant distinguishes between two types of knowledge. </li><li>"A posteriori" knowledge is based on experience and empirical observations, while "a priori" knowledge is independent of experience and derived from reason alone. </li><li>According to Kant, pure reason can provide certain universal and necessary truths that are independent of sensory experience.</li></ul>

Distinction between "a priori" and "a posteriori" knowledge: Tra

<ul><li>Kant argues for a position known as transcendental idealism, which holds that knowledge is a result of the interaction between the mind and the external world. </li><li>He claims that we can never know things as they are in themselves (noumena), but only as they appear to us (phenomena). </li><li>Our perception is shaped by the structures of our own minds, such as space and time, and therefore, we can only have knowledge of phenomena.</li></ul>

Transcendental idealism: 

Dare to know! Have the courage to use your own understanding.

<ul><li>Kant recognizes that pure reason has certain limits. </li><li>He argues that reason cannot provide certain knowledge about metaphysical questions, such as the existence of God, the immortality of the soul, or the nature of reality beyond appearances. </li><li>He criticizes earlier rationalist philosophers who claimed to have knowledge in these areas, asserting that such claims go beyond the limits of human understanding.</li></ul>

The Limitations Of Pure Reason:

"I had to deny knowledge in order to make room for faith."

<ul><li>Kant introduces the concept of synthetic a priori judgments, which are propositions that are both informative and known independent of experience. </li><li>These judgments, according to Kant, form the basis of mathematical and scientific knowledge. </li><li>He argues that our knowledge of mathematics and the natural sciences relies on both logical reasoning and the contribution of the mind's structuring principles.</li></ul>

The role of synthetic a priori judgments: 

<ul><li>Kant presents the concept of the transcendental unity of apperception as a central feature of human cognition.</li><li>He claims that the mind has a self-reflective capacity that allows it to unify various experiences into a coherent and meaningful whole. </li><li>This unity of consciousness is essential for the understanding and organization of knowledge.</li></ul>

The Unity Of Appreciation:

<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">Overall, "The Critique of Pure Reason" seeks to establish the boundaries and possibilities of human knowledge by investigating the powers and limitations of reason. Kant's ideas continue to shape modern philosophy, particularly in epistemology and metaphysics.</li></ul>

Summary 

If you liked the above ideas then consider subscribing to my youtube channel (thehistorylad) on history and philosophyhttps://youtube.com/@thehistorymemer

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The masterpiece of the father of modern philosophy  A seminal text of modern philosophy, Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (1781) made history by bringing together two opposing schools of thought: rationalism, which grounds all our knowledge in reason, and empiricism, which traces all our knowledge to experience. Published here in a lucid reworking of Max Müller's classic translation, the Critique is a profound investigation into the nature of human reason, establishing its truth, falsities, illusions, and reality. For more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.

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Is math an accurate description of our univers, as Plato believed? Or just a useful creation of the human mind? If we were ever to make contact with an alien species, how might we communicate with them? If Plato is right, then all mathematical truth would have to be universal. Alien mathematics would have to be the same as our mathematics. But if math is something invented, there would be no reason to think alien math has anything to do with our own. And we might never be able to communicate with them.

Is Math Discovered Or Invented?

Loved this question when I first encountered it in a Lex podcast. What do u think? Is math fundamental or just another human invention? 

Is mathematics woven into the very fabric of reality? Or is it merely a product of the human mind? The answer to this question matters.

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Is math real? The answer has major implications

Step into the past and discover the origins the moment that revolutionized how we access knowledge —transforming how we access knowledge A Thread 🧵 👇

The Paperback Revolution

In the mid-20th century, books were luxuries confined to expensive hardcovers, creating a gap between the privileged few & the rest of society. How could we bridge this accessibility divide?The quest to make 📚 cost less + accessible

TheProblem-

Enter the paperback format. In '35, Sir Allen Lane, founder of Penguin Books UK, unleashed the first mass-market paperback, "Ariel," priced at just £0.06This ignited the PaperbackRevolution .A mission to democratize literature & make it accessible to everyone

#TheSolution-

Suddenly, reading was no longer a privilege but a birthright.No longer reserved for the elite, reading became a gateway to knowledge for commoners. The revolution facilitated widespread literacy, empowering people to access once-gated wisdom & fueling a hunger for literature

Penguin Books UK emerged as Lane's brainchild in 1935 with "Ariel" by André Maurois. This slim, distinctive volume captured the public's imagination. Offering literary works at a fraction of the cost, Penguins swiftly found their way into the hands of eager readers

Part 4: 

Amidst WorldWarII, paperbacks assumed a newfound significance small & lightweight, they became cherished companions for soldiers & civilians alike. Publishers tapped into the potential, making pocketeditions of popular novels

#WWII Impact:

Hungry for entertainment, soldiers devoured these paperbacks, creating a demand that extended beyond the war WWIIImpact

Paperbackrevolution crossed the Atlantic, captivating the USA.Publishers like Vintage Books & Anchor Books seized the opportunity- capitalizing on the growing popularity of paperbacks w/ captivating covers, innovative marketing & widespread distribution, they propelled the revolution forward

It unleashed a literary explosion, forever altering the publishing landscape. Paperback books tore down barriers, granting individuals of all backgrounds the joy of readingThey challenged norms, inspired new ideas, & left an indelible mark on readers and writers for generations

Paperbacks rewrote the rules.It unleashed the power of portable knowledge and forged an inclusive & diverse reading culture. From Lane's visionary dream to pocket-sized books adorning global shelves This revolution transformed the way we consume literature!

TheConclusion:

Find more such interesting takes of historical events that changed our lives forever on HistoryChatter podcast Listen Now: https://open.spotify.com/show/3pfp6k9wmVFdBhun5fbwCv?si=wZYywLI1TVKJYjoKgkZ3uA HistoryChatter.

What we take for granted was once an innovative offering. Find out the history behind paperbacks

Listen to Historychatter Podcast on Spotify. HistoryChatter offers an informed take on our shared pasts. Designed and performed by Anirban Bandyopadhyay (Ph.D.), a trained historian and writer, the podcast offers a perspective on the past that shows how multiple interpretations of our pasts and our histories emerge. HistoryChatter believes diversity is not, difference and that difference does not produce inferiority of superiority. More importantly, it believes the past is made of many stories, and many more stories about the past will never be known. Yet, the past is a necessity to understand how the present has come about and where it is heading. HistoryChatter is about stories about the past that walk us through the present. It believes  good history can be done with fun.Subscribe to "Historychatter" & receive updates about our latest episodes. Historychatter is an Ep.Log Media production.

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One sure way to determine the social conscience of a government is to examine the way taxes are collected and how they are spent. And one sure way to determine the social conscience of an individual is to get his tax-reaction.Taxes, after all, are the dues that we pay for the privileges of membership in an organized society.

Address at Worcester, Mass., October 21, 1936


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Social Conscience and Taxes

Justinian was emperor of the Eastern Roman empire between 527–565. He is important because during his rule: <ul><li>the empire experienced an extraordinary resurgence, reconquering lands - including Italy, North Africa and Rome itself - that had been lost to the 'barbarians' a century before. </li><li>Roman laws were codified and written down in what’s now known as the Code of Justinian.</li></ul>He is the considered the last great Roman emperor.

The importance of Justinian’s rule

Justinian ascended to the throne decades after the fall of the Western Roman empire:<ul><li>The Italian peninsula was now under the rule of the Ostrogoths.</li><li>The Vandals who sacked Rome 100 years before were now ruling northern Africa.</li><li>The Sassanids in the east were continuing the Persian heritage. </li></ul>Justinian’s destiny will be tightly linked to his greatest general, Belisarius, the man who will act as the spear-head of Justinian ambition. Similar to the bond between Augustus, the first Roman emperor and Marcus Agrippa, 500 years earlier.

The world as Justinian takes power

Belisarius was one of the 4 main generals of the Empire, stationed in the East. As the Sassadins invade Armenia he wins a major victory against them at Dara, but then looses at Callinicum in 531. He looses his command and returns to Constantinople, as the emperor is forced to a disgraceful peace in the East.But while in the capital, there is a big riot between 2 factions of chariot races and the crowd asks for Justinian’s head. It is Belisarius who marches the troops against the citizens, killing 1/3 of the city but securing the emperor’s trust.

The Rise of Belisarius

After securing the city and the eastern borders Justinian needed a military victory. Belisarius is thus tasked with taking on the Vandals after their previous king is deposed. Belisarius brings North Africa back into the fold in about 6 months.He then continues in Italy, taking back Rome, Milan and Ravenna (the new capital) from the Ostrogoths. It was a major win for the Romans and Belisarius is the first general to get awarded a triumph in Constantinople. The conquests will not last beyond Justinian. Historians will see them as distractions for an empire with bigger problems to attend to.

Justinian’s Wars

Long were the days of Caesar’s legions, when infantry was all that mattered and mobile units were mostly mercenaries. <ul><li>Rome’s infantry had more of a defensive role now, as the cavalry was the main unit of the army. </li><li>Most riders were armoured and used a lance like knights would 800 years later.</li><li>The light cavalry were mounted archers, a skill they learned from the huns.</li><li>The Bucellarii are the elite horseman, and were under the direct command of a Roman general like Belisarius.</li></ul>

The Roman Army under Justinian

Belisarius did most of the conquest with less than 15k soldiers (generals during early empire had 50-150k soldiers under command). How:<ul><li>he relied on veterans, experienced soldiers </li><li>he forbid any city sackings and protected the civil population, winning him supplies and information</li></ul>Belisarius is the image of classical roman: loyal, stoic, though, disciplined while gracious.

Belisarius's winning formula

The emperor and his general were not as close as history makes it seem. As the emperor feared his popular general might take his place & didn’t always support him with supplies, money or reinforcements. After an assassination attempt, Belisarius gets accused of being involved and is stripped of all titles, before being forgiven 1 yr later. Later, Christians portrayed Belisarius as a beggar because of an ungrateful and pitiful emperor.

The love-hate relationship between Justinian and Belisarius

Belisarius was always one of my favourite Romans. This amateur documentary focuses on him as a main actor during the Justinian Roman Renaissance.

In the 6th century AD, during the reign of Emperor Justinian, the Roman Empire experienced an extraordinary resurgence, reconquering lands - including Italy, North Africa and Rome itself - that had been lost to the 'barbarians' a century before. Leading these campaigns, a brilliant Roman general named Flavius Belisarius - a skilled tactician, inspirational leader, pragmatic and humane. This is the story of those campaigns, as recorded by Procopius, an eyewitness to many of them, as well as other ancient historians, texts, and archaeological remains. Big thanks to Legendarian for 'Total War: Attila' gameplay footage, check out his YouTube channel here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOI2IhyQ9qaUvwPl3sn0y4g 'Total War: Attila' gameplay footage used with kind permission of Creative Assembly - buy the game here: https://geni.us/qDreR Thanks also to the 555 mod crew for modding support, find out more about their mods here: https://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=1836928957 🎨 Original artwork by Miłek Jakubiec https://www.artstation.com/milek 🎨 Thanks to Igor Dzis for permission to use his painting, 'Battle of Dara'. 📷 Thanks to Dr Hugh Willmott, Sheffield University for permission to use photographs of plague burial Creative Commons images: Basilica San Marco by Gary Ullah via WM Commons Dara fortifications by Procopius via Flickr Dara photographs by Nevit Dilmen via Flickr Mosaic of Theodora by Petar Milošević via WM Commons Porta Asinaria by Mikhail Malykh via WM Commons Windrow by Christian Collins via Flickr Stag Heads Free Vector by misfitblue via vecteezy.com Winter Sun by It's No Game via Flickr Beach video by Ruvim Miksanskiy via Pexels 📚Recommended reading (as an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases): 📖Procopius, History of the Wars https://geni.us/L3Pgc 📖 The Wars of Justinian by Michael Whitby https://geni.us/Xxrd3 📖 Rome Resurgent by Peter Heather https://geni.us/ZFoU1 📖The Armies of Ancient Persia: the Sassanians by Kaveh Farrokh https://geni.us/jMQo3z 📖Late Roman Cavalryman AD 236–565 (Osprey) by Simon MacDowall https://geni.us/XMGl Support Epic History TV on Patreon from $1 per video, and get perks including ad-free early access & votes on future topics https://www.patreon.com/EpicHistoryTV 👕 Buy EHTV t-shirts, hoodies, mugs and stickers here! https://www.ehtvmerch.com/ 🎶Music from Filmstro: https://filmstro.com/?ref=7765 Get 20% off an annual license with this exclusive code: EPICHISTORYTV_ANN #EpicHistoryTV #RomanEmpire #EasternRomanEmpire #Justinian #Belisarius #ByzantineEmpire

In the 6th century AD, during the reign of Emperor Justinian, the Roman Empire experienced an extraordinary resurgence, reconquering lands - including Italy, North Africa and Rome itself - that had been lost to the 'barbarians' a century before. Leading these campaigns, a brilliant Roman general named Flavius Belisarius - a skilled tactician, inspirational leader, pragmatic and humane. This is the story of those campaigns, as recorded by Procopius, an eyewitness to many of them, as well as other ancient historians, texts, and archaeological remains. 

Big thanks to Legendarian for 'Total War: Attila' gameplay footage, check out his YouTube channel here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOI2IhyQ9qaUvwPl3sn0y4g

'Total War: Attila' gameplay footage used with kind permission of Creative Assembly - buy the game here: https://geni.us/qDreR

Thanks also to the 555 mod crew for modding support, find out more about their mods here: https://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=1836928957

🎨 Original artwork by Miłek Jakubiec https://www.artstation.com/milek
🎨 Thanks to Igor Dzis for permission to use his painting, 'Battle of Dara'.
📷 Thanks to Dr Hugh Willmott, Sheffield University for permission to use photographs of plague burial

Creative Commons images:
Basilica San Marco by Gary Ullah via WM Commons
Dara fortifications by Procopius via Flickr
Dara photographs by Nevit Dilmen via Flickr
Mosaic of Theodora by  Petar Milošević via WM Commons
Porta Asinaria by Mikhail Malykh via WM Commons
Windrow by Christian Collins via Flickr
Stag Heads Free Vector by misfitblue via vecteezy.com
Winter Sun by It's No Game via Flickr
Beach video by Ruvim Miksanskiy via Pexels

📚Recommended reading (as an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases):
📖Procopius, History of the Wars https://geni.us/L3Pgc
📖 The Wars of Justinian by Michael Whitby https://geni.us/Xxrd3
📖 Rome Resurgent by Peter Heather https://geni.us/ZFoU1
📖The Armies of Ancient Persia: the Sassanians by Kaveh Farrokh https://geni.us/jMQo3z
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Rome Strikes Back: Belisarius and the Wars of Justinian (ALL PARTS)

Rome Strikes Back: Belisarius and the Wars of Justinian

Let's say it starts to rain just as you have to leave your house, that is unfortunate. But if you have to go out, apart from putting on a raincoat or getting your umbrella, or cancelling your appointment, there isn’t much you can do about it. You can’t stop the rain no matter how much you want to. Should you be upset about this or embrace the fact you can't stop the rain whatever you do and just go out with an umbrella?

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