Cooking oil is a kitchen staple, whether you use it for deep frying, sautéing, roasting, or salad dressings. The war in Ukraine has caused a knock-on effect that could see UK businesses run out of sunflower oil.  Given current constraints caused by world events and environmental concerns, we may have to reconsider the cooking oils we use.

Cooking oil choices

Oils broadly fall into two categories: refined and unrefined. <ul><li>If oil is ‘virgin’, ‘extra-virgin’ or ‘cold-pressed’, it is probably unrefined and retained most of its nutrients.</li><li>Refined oils have been processed and treated with chemicals to extend their shelf life and removed unwanted flavours and odours. While they may have lost some healthy compounds, they are better to heat up than unrefined oils.</li></ul>

Refined and unrefined oils

Deep frying, shallow frying, sautéing, or roasting changes the molecular structure of the oil as it breaks down through oxidation.   Fat molecules react with oxygen in the air to form lipid oxidation products (LOPs) including aldehydes. The higher the cooking temperature or the more frequently it is reheated, the more of these potentially toxic products are produced in the oil, especially if it is close to 'smoke point'.

What happens when heating oils

<ul><li>Sunflower and seed oils are high in polyunsaturated fats and degrade the easiest.</li><li>Olive oil and rapeseed oil are high in monounsaturated fats and are better for heating as they produce fewer aldehydes. The highly processed ones have a higher smoke point and are safer to cook with than unrefined ones.</li></ul> To reap health benefits, use extra virgin olive oil cold in things like salad dressings or mayonnaise.

The best oil for cooking

Rapeseed oil is extracted from the black seeds of the yellow-flowering rape plant. Rapeseed oil is unsaturated fat and high in monounsaturated fat, making it a healthier type of oil. It is rich in Vitamin E and Omega 3,6, and 9 fats. It is available as refined and unrefined. In the UK, oil labelled 'vegetable oil' is usually refined rapeseed oil. Unrefined rapeseed oils are labelled 'cold-pressed', 'premium', 'virgin' or extra virgin' and have a delicate nutty flavour. Rapeseed oil is great for frying, but it is important to use as little oil as possible and cook at lower temperatures.

Rapeseed oil

Saturated fats are normally solid at room temperature, for example, red palm oil, lard or beef dripping. They generate fewer aldehydes when heated but might carry other risks. Coconut oil is extremely high in saturated fat. The refined version is the best of all to cook with.

Saturated fats

An oil's sustainability depends on the way it is produced. Sunflower and rapeseed oils made outside Europe and the UK are sprayed with neonicotinoids and insecticides implicated in killing bees, butterflies, moths and other insects. As a result, they are now banned in Europe and the UK.  Oils made from crops known to cause environmental damage, such as avocado and soy (deforestation), and almonds (water requirements, insecticide use), might not be a green choice either.

Environmental concerns

World events including the Ukraine War and leaving the European Union, together with the environment could mean we have to reconsider the cooking oils we use. So, what are the best alternatives to problematic oils? And are you really using the right oil for the job?

Stashed ideas

By Sue Quinn

World events and environmental concerns could mean we have to reconsider the cooking oils we use. So, what are the best alternatives to problematic oils? And are you really using the right oil for the job?

Whether you use it for deep frying, sautéing, roasting, or salad dressings, oil is a kitchen staple. But choosing the right one for the job has become more complicated in recent years for a variety of reasons.

On a day-to-day level it can just be plain confusing knowing which oil to pick, with the range available, each with their own characteristics, wider than ever.

World events are currently causing bigger issues. The war in Ukraine has caused a knock-on effect that could see UK business <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-60941091">run out of sunflower oil </a>. The country is the world’s <a href="https://oec.world/en/profile/hs92/sunflower-seed-or-safflower-oil-crude">largest exporter </a>, and with supplies severely restricted, prices have skyrocketed. In fact, the supermarket Iceland recently announced it would temporarily resume using the <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/articles/biodiversity">highly-controversial </a>palm oil in its own-label foods because the price of sunflower oil had <a href="https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/searchresults?qkeyword=sunflower%20oil&PageSize=10&parametrics=&cmd=AddPm&val=WVSECTIONCODE%7C1">soared by 1000 percent </a>since the start of the war.

The lack of sunflower oil is particularly concerning because it’s the nation’s favourite cooking oil; last year, British supermarkets sold almost 61m litres, according to consumer monitoring group Kantar Worldpanel. Vegetable oil is the next most popular (58m litres), followed by olive oil and extra virgin olive oil (31m litres combined), ‘specialty’ oils (16m litres), rapeseed oil (8m litres) and coconut oil (2m litres).

Olive oil’s popularity is partly driven by its health credentials. A cornerstone of the <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/articles/mediterranean_diet">Mediterranean diet </a>, according to <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31817038/">studies </a>, olive oil can help protect against heart disease and a range of other illnesses. It’s also prized for its flavour. But Britain’s exit from the European Union is said to have created extra <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-59741804">administrative procedures </a>for olive oil producers with reports this has led to a decline in exports to the UK and <a href="https://www.oliveoiltimes.com/business/brexit-leads-to-sharp-decline-in-uk-imports-of-italian-foods/98615">pushed up prices </a>.

So, given current constraints as well as each oil’s practical use, how do you choose the best oils to use in the kitchen?

Oils broadly fall into two categories: refined and unrefined. If the label states an oil is ‘virgin’, ‘extra-virgin’ or ‘cold-pressed’, chances are it’s <a href="https://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/chemistry/physics/frying-oils/oil-refining">unrefined </a>and has retained most of its nutrients. Refined oils, on the other hand, have been processed and treated with chemicals to extend their shelf life and remove unwanted flavours and odours. In the process, some of the healthy compounds are lost, but they generally tolerate heat better than unrefined oils.

When you heat oil during cooking – deep frying, shallow frying, sautéing, or roasting – the molecular structure of the oil breaks down through oxidation. Fat molecules react with oxygen in the air to form lipid oxidation products (LOPs) including aldehydes, explains Professor Martin Grootveld, a bioanalytical chemist at De Montfort University. The higher the cooking temperature, or the more frequently it is reheated, the more of these potentially <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11746-017-2958-2">toxic products </a>are produced in the oil, especially when close to or at the oil’s ‘smoke point’, when it starts to burn.

Oils high in polyunsaturated fats, such as sunflower and seed oils, degrade most easily. Oils high in monounsaturated fats like olive oil or rapeseed oil, are better for heating than polyunsaturated oils as they produce <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389416309669">fewer aldehydes </a>. Grootveld suggests a middle ground. “Olive oil is fine for cooking, but I recommend the highly processed ones, which have higher smoke points and are safer to cook with than the unrefined kind,” Grootveld says. Use extra virgin olive oil cold in things like salad dressings and mayonnaise to reap the health benefits, he says.

Johnny Madge, an olive oil expert and judge in international competitions, says the quality of bottles labelled ‘olive oil’ varies. “Olive oil is a blend of refined olive oil and virgin olive oil which is added for colour and flavour because refined oil has none,” Madge says. “Premium quality extra virgin oil on the other hand is made by crushing olives on the same day they’re picked, so they have a freshness.”

To find an olive oil for cooking that you like, experiment, Madge suggests. “It’s all a matter of personal taste,” Madge says. “Pour some into a frying pan, heat it gently and if you’re happy with the way it smells, use it.”

With olive oil and sunflower oil increasing in cost/hard to come by, rapeseed oil is a good replacement. It’s extracted from the black seeds of the yellow-flowering rape plant, which is widely grown in the UK.

British-grown rapeseed oil has lower carbon emissions from transportation than imported oil, and it’s nutritious too. “Rapeseed oil is an unsaturated fat and high in monounsaturated fat making it a healthier type of oil,” says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the British Heart Foundation. It’s also rich in Vitamin E, as well as omega 3, 6 and 9 fats, which support brain, heart, and joint function.

Top chefs are fans of its delicate nutty flavour and the fact it’s grown and produced in the UK. Rick Toogood, chef, and co-founder of eco-friendly seafood restaurant Prawn on the Lawn loves the taste of rapeseed oil, which has proved a vital alternative to olive oil recently. “Sadly, we’ve found that due to Brexit, and also thanks to poor growing seasons, olive oil can sometimes be in short supply, “ Toogood says. “So, we’ve had to look closer to home which is great in the long run, as we’ve found so many new and brilliant suppliers. Rapeseed oil is a local product, so the more we can use this the better.”

Rapeseed oil is great for frying fish, Toogood says, because it yields a crispy skin. “When we really want to let the flavour of the fish sing, our favourite oils to finish a dish are creamier, buttery olive oils.”

Like olive oil, rapeseed oil is available refined and unrefined. In the UK, oil labelled ‘vegetable oil’ is usually refined rapeseed oil and has almost no flavour. “Always check the ingredients list when you are buying a vegetable oil to see what it’s made from as it will often be 100% rapeseed oil which would make it a healthy choice,” Victoria Taylor suggests. Unrefined rapeseed oils are often labelled ‘cold-pressed’, ‘premium’, ‘virgin’ or ‘extra virgin’, and have a more pronounced flavour.

Prof Grootveld says rapeseed oil is fine to use if you’re careful, though it produces more aldehydes than either olive oil or frying in saturated fat, such as lard. “Use as little as oil as possible if you’re roasting, shallow frying or sautéing things like vegetables,” he says. “And try to cook at lower temperatures.” He also suggests using paper towel to blot off excess oil from deep-fried food.

He also recommends limiting the number of times you re-use frying oils, especially refined corn, groundnut (peanut) or sunflower oils. “Don’t re-use a standard polyunsaturated rich oil like sunflower oil more than once or twice when deep frying,” Prof Grootveld says.

There are alternatives to oils for cooking that generate fewer aldehydes when heated, but they might carry other risks. Saturated fats, which are normally solid at room temperature, can come from plant or animal sources, such as red palm oil, lard or beef dripping.

Coconut oil is extremely high in saturated fat (significantly more than butter), and the refined version is the best of all to cook with, Prof Grootveld says. But Victoria Taylor recommends using coconut oil sparingly. “If you like the taste of coconut oil, then, as with butter, it is fine to use it every now and then. However, be careful <a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043052">not to overdo it </a>, and use unsaturated oils as an everyday choice instead.”

Palm oil isn’t the only oil with poor environmental credentials. As with almost all foods, an oil's sustainability depends on the way it is produced. Sunflower and rapeseed oils made outside Europe and the UK are widely sprayed with <a href="https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cdp-2022-0024/">neonicotinoids </a>, says Richard Young, policy director of the Sustainable Food Trust. “These are insecticides implicated in killing bees, butterflies, moths and other pollinating insects, but they’re now banned in Europe and the UK. So, if you can, buy locally produced oils,” he says, adding their environmental impact from transportation is lower than imported oils. Oils made from crops known to cause environmental damage, such as <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/avocado-environment-cost-food-mexico/">avocado </a>and soy (deforestation) and <a href="https://sustainability.ucsf.edu/1.713">almonds </a>(water requirements, insecticide use) might not be a green choice either, Young says.

Alex Crumbie, from the not-for-profit consumer organisation Ethical Consumer, says if budget allows, opt for organic and buy oil in glass bottles, rather than plastic. And don’t throw used cooking oil down the sink, as its can <a href="https://www.recyclenow.com/recycle-an-item/cooking-oil-fats">cause blockages </a>. Small amounts can be added to your food waste bin for recycling or disposed of in a sealed container in your general waste bin.

Bite-sized knowledge
to upgrade
your career

What’s the best oil to use for cooking?

Cooking oil choices

Refined and unrefined oils

What happens when heating oils

The best oil for cooking

Rapeseed oil

Saturated fats

Environmental concerns

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Bite-sized knowledgeto upgradeyour career

What’s the best oil to use for cooking?

Cooking oil choices

Refined and unrefined oils

What happens when heating oils

The best oil for cooking

Rapeseed oil

Saturated fats

Environmental concerns

IDEAS ABOUT

MORE LIKE THIS

Which cooking oil is the healthiest?

Mediterranean diet: A heart-healthy eating plan

The Paleo Diet - A Beginner's Guide + Meal Plan

It's time to

READ

LIKE

A PRO!

Bite-sized knowledge
to upgrade
your career