Work experience builds on the foundation of formal education and increases the value of human capital.

Workers not only earn wages but gain knowledge and new capabilities that they carry with them. Someone who starts out taking orders in a fast-food restaurant learns the art of handling difficult customers and staying cool under pressure. Someone who starts in IT by answering questions on a help desk absorbs technical knowledge to use later as a network administator.

• People who start in occupations with higher educational qualifications earn more than other workers over their lifetimes. Entry-level skills contribute a larger share of those earnings.
• The reverse is generally true for people who start in occupations with lower educational requirements. They often earn less over a lifetime, with the greater share driven by work experience.
• Someone who attended poor-quality schools and lacked any postsecondary education or training is starting from behind in the labour market as employers often rely on college degrees.

In advanced economies such as the United States,

• 28 per cent of high school graduates have higher earnings potential than the median holders of associate degrees
• 37 per cent of associate degree holders could earn more than median bachelor's degree holders over their lifetimes.

The upwardly mobile group appears to be amassing work experience in an effective way that gives real benefits for 60 to 80 per cent of lifetime earnings. However, many people can't make these leaps because of structural and social barriers.

The average person switches roles every two to four years. These role moves enable people to build or demonstrate their skills.

Moves can involve

• employees assuming new roles within their current company,
• changing workplaces
• changing specialities or occupations
• pursuing a combination of these strategies.

Each move increased wages by 6 to 10 per cent on average. Individuals who want to reinvent themselves and take on more senior roles often have to move to a new environment.

Those who take on new roles involving bigger changes or challenges receive bigger rewards. When someone made a move for higher pay, their new job typically involved a more significant share of skills and responsibilities that were not part of their previous job.

For example, a German worker who started as a welder then changed jobs twice. When he became a maintenance supervisor, the move involved a skill distance of 33 per cent; when he later became a production manager, the move involved a skill distance of 47 per cent. His average skill distance is therefore 40 per cent.

Movement patterns and outcomes of people with more than ten years of work history:

1. Experience seekers start with lower-than-average wages but drive themselves upward by moving roles more frequently and stretching their capabilities.
2. Early movers make bigger leaps in the first part of their career. Someone may start in one field, and then realize that their passion lies elsewhere.
3. Late movers stay put or make more incremental moves in the early stage of their career but eventually take a bolder step.
4. Lock-ins change jobs less frequently because they pursued what suited them from the start.

Companies that offer more structured training for their employees and provide more opportunities for internal advancement seem to stand out.

Three priorities stand out for companies that help individuals grow.

1. Understand the potential in people as well as their current knowledge and skills.
2. Embrace mobility. Employers can attract the best candidates among the big talent pool and boost the productivity and engagement of valued employees who stay.
3. Strengthen coaching, particularly early in an employee’s tenure as skills development happens day to day on the job.