The Dunning-Kruger effect: you don't know what you don't know

Meta-cognitive skills are developed by:

1. Self-reflection by journaling, along with a review of your progress and personal changes.
2. Using second-level thinking by asking yourself about potential blind spots or missing information.
3. Using mental models for testing your assumptions and separating the signal from the noise.
4. Taking notes using an app or even pen and paper, trying to visualize your knowledge using diagrams and doodles.
5. Being aware of the various cognitive biases that can cloud our thinking, and learning more about them.

Meta-cognition is the essential requirement to be able to gauge one’s competence or the lack of it.