“The rally began in late November, after the IOTA Foundation, the German nonprofit behind the novel cryptocurrency, announced that it was teaming up with several major technology firms to develop a ‘decentralized data marketplace.’” The article goes on to say: “And the high-profile names participating in its data market pilot—including Microsoft, Deutsche Telekom, and Fujitsu—suggest IOTA is onto something.”Response One: IOTA’s relationships with top-tier companies continue to be nebulous.

the protocol was designed specifically for use on connected devices, but nearly all of that information is wasted, sitting in siloed databases and not making money for its owners.Response Two: Whether or not IOTA’s ledger is “tamper-proof,” the entire IOTA network went down in November, and was completely inoperable for about three days. That this has never happened in Bitcoin or Ethereum suggests the extent to which the IOTA network relies on the “coordinator”—a single point of failure—and is not truly decentralized.IOTA developers were able to transfer funds out of users’ IOTA accounts.

it enables fee-less transactions between the owners of the data and anyone who wants to buy it—and there are plenty of companies that want to get their hands on data.IOTA uses a “tangle,” which is based on a mathematical concept called a directed acyclic graph. Response Three: Orcutt’s claim that IOTA is free of fees is misleading. IOTA users do the proof of work on their own devices, per transaction. the work required is a fee. Restricting the ways in which the fee can be paid—requiring that the work be done on a user’s own device—doesn’t make it go away.

“In August, researchers from MIT and Boston University <a href="https://github.com/mit-dci/tangled-curl/blob/master/vuln-iota.md">reported </a>that they discovered a “serious vulnerability” in a novel cryptographic technique IOTA was using. Response Four: <ol><li>the flaw was intentional—that it was meant to serve as a form of “copy protection.” </li><li> <a href="http://come-from-beyond.com/time-for-a-paradigm-shift-has-come/">later, he offered a conflicting explanation </a>that he didn’t write the curl at all, but that an AI wrote it.</li></ol>We do not find either of these explanations convincing, even in isolation. That they contradict each other makes them even less so.

On Friday, MIT Technology Review published an article on the cryptocurrency IOTA. However, we  at the Media Lab have issues with the story

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Cryptocurrency

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Money & Investments

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Technology & The Future

Our response to "A Cryptocurrency Without a Blockchain Has Been Built to Outperform Bitcoin" – MIT Media Lab

In innovative business, there is no place for bureaucracy, and decision-making is lightning fast. If you are late, a competitor comes along and steals the show - I mean, money. Hence, traditional forms of governance usually assume numerous layers of management for the coordination and enforcement of processes. This comes with a drawback: many operations can become a bottleneck or a source of corruption. The community, or each member of DAO, reviews, records, and maintains all the tasks, proposals, and updates using a blockchain. However, some experts believe that one can’t achieve fully decentralized governance.

Why DAO?

A minor bug in an application on Ethereum led to the loss of 3.6 million ETH (the equivalent of $70 million at the time). The Ethereum community reacted quickly and regained control: it presented multiple proposals to deal with the exploit. As a result, they froze the tokens leaving the hacker unable to finish his gateway.

Cautionary Tale: Examples of DAO Governance Gone Wrong

<a href="https://aragon.org/">Aragon protocol</a> enables a plug-and-play process of creating and managing decentralized organizations. Communities get a powerful tool to organize themselves around capital assets, currency, or tokens. The latter can increase in value as more people hold and use them to participate in the life of these communities.<a href="https://makerdao.com/en">MakerDAO </a>, governed by MKR stakeholders. on-chain governance and off-chain discussion for general feedback. It is used before on-chain voting to evaluate the overall sentiment about issues affecting the MakerDAO ecosystem and determine a consensus regarding their resolution.

Open Internet Services Managed by Open Tokenized Governance Systems

Open tokenized governance gives a lot of opportunities for developers (DApps creators) and users (token holders). DAO assists developers and entrepreneurs with user communication, regular feature updates, and necessary funding. For early adopters, it can be considered as a long-term investment and source of regular rewards. And for the community in general, it gives a clear understanding of the decision-making process. DAO is the future of organizations. It can make them more secure and give their members a voice. Open tokenized organizations could reduce corruption since all decisions are made by the community, open for review by anyone, and can’t be altered by third parties.

Key Advantages of Open Tokenized Governance

Blockchain is a part of a trustless digital solution.

Why DAO? : The Problem With Traditional Governance

University friends Kadar and Jendruszak began developing what would become Seon while working on a crypto exchange venture in 2015 that was targeted by a slew of fake accounts. To stop these attacks, they built their own solution to detect false accounts and quash fraudulent transactions. That became Seon, which they launched in 2017.  “For the past couple of years we’ve tripled our revenue year-on-year, and have been onboarding new clients and expanding like crazy into new markets,” says Jendruszak. In the next 12 months, Seon plans to increase its headcount by 150 people in total, doubling its teams in London and Jakarta, adding another 80 to 90 people in its founding location Budapest, and doubling its team in the US.

‘Crazy’ growth

While the US might be their main target for now, gaining market share in US fraud prevention is no easy task. More established competitors in the market include $4.5bn Socure as well as Ravelin, Sift and Riskified. Seon believes it can compete because it’s already conquered the more varied regulatory landscape of Europe — which Kadar says US rivals are struggling to tackle.  Jendruszak won’t confirm specific acquisition targets, but is keen to explain that they will be instrumental to the company’s plans to move beyond know-your-customer (KYC). The company is plotting a move into anti-money laundering products on the consumer side, sanction checking, politically exposed person checking, and is also evaluating how it can begin offering risk analysis and even digital footprinting products to evaluate businesses as well as consumers.

Making it in America

Seon operates on a usage-based pricing model, foregoing integration fees and instead charging customers each month based on how many transactions they make.  It uses machine learning to track data points that clients can customise according to their trouble areas.

As easy as pressing play…

Experts have previously <a href="https://sifted.eu/articles/fraud-neobanks-challenge-fintech-paypal/">told Sifted </a>that there are still multiple ways of undermining the processes that APIs like Seon’s provide. When run online, every single layer of the value chain can be exploited. This means Seon will be stuck in its own game of cat and mouse with fraudsters, too. Kadar acknowledges that this is the inherent, constant battle. “In the case of reported false negatives or positives, the client can inform us via an API or manually,” he says. “We then retrain the algorithm based on this feedback, to cover new patterns and improve on the algorithm.”

Or is it?

Hungarian-founded Seon just picked up $94m from Hopin-backer IVP to fight fintech’s biggest problem: fraud.

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Entrepreneurship

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Startups

Meet the fraud-buster that Revolut, Wise and Sorare trust

Reader Question: "If humans don’t die out in a climate apocalypse or asteroid impact in the next 10,000 years, are we likely to evolve further into a more advanced species than what we are at the moment?" Harry Bonas, 57, NigeriaHumanity is the unlikely result of 4 billion years of evolution.From self-replicating molecules in Archean seas, to eyeless fish in the Cambrian deep, to mammals scurrying from dinosaurs in the dark, and then, finally, improbably, ourselves – evolution shaped us.

Background

It’s hard to predict the future. The world will probably change in ways we can’t imagine. But we can make educated guesses. Paradoxically, the best way to predict the future is probably looking back at the past, and assuming past trends will continue going forward. This suggests some surprising things about our future.

How To Make Predictions?

Organisms reproduced imperfectly.Mistakes made when copying genes sometimes made them better fit to their environments, so those genes tended to get passed on.More reproduction followed, and more mistakes, the process repeating over billions of generations.Finally, Homo sapiens appeared. But we aren’t the end of that story. Evolution won’t stop with us, and <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126952-400-review-the-10000-year-explosion-by-gregory-cochran-and-henry-harpending/">we might even be evolving faster than ever</a>.

Introduction 

We will likely live longer and become taller, as well as more lightly built. We’ll probably be less aggressive and more agreeable, but have smaller brains. A bit like a golden retriever, we’ll be friendly and jolly, but maybe not that interesting. At least, that’s one possible future. But to understand why I think that’s likely, we need to look at biology.

Introduction cont.

Some scientists have argued that civilisation’s rise <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/dec/15/genetics.evolution">ended natural selection</a>.It’s true that selective pressures that dominated in the past (<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.20415">predators</a>, famine, plague, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00DTDFOFG/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1">warfare</a>) have mostly disappeared.<ul><li>Starvation and famine were largely ended by <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003QP4BJM/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1">high-yield crops, fertilisers </a>and family planning.</li><li>Violence and war are less common than ever, despite modern militaries with nuclear weapons, or maybe <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Making-Atomic-Bomb-Richard-Rhodes-ebook/dp/B008TRU7SQ/ref=sr_1_1?crid=81PRQTJ0LOPH&keywords=making%20of%20the%20atomic%20bomb&qid=1644311120&s=digital-text&sprefix=making%20of%20the%20atomic%20bom%2Cdigital-text%2C264&sr=1-1">because of them</a>.</li><li>The lions, wolves and cats that hunted us in the dark are endangered or extinct.</li><li>Plagues that killed millions (Black Death, cholera) were tamed by vaccines, antibiotics and clean water.</li></ul>

I. The end of natural selection?

No; other things just drive it now.Evolution isn’t so much about survival of the fittest as reproduction of the fittest. Even if nature is less likely to murder us, we still need to find partners and raise children, so sexual selection now plays a bigger role in our evolution.And if nature doesn’t control our evolution anymore, the unnatural environment we’ve created – culture, technology, cities – produces new selective pressures very unlike those we faced in the ice age.We’re poorly adapted to this modern world; it follows that we’ll have to adapt.

Did Evolution Stop?

As our diets changed to include grains and dairy, we evolved genes to help us <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/ng2123">digest starch </a> and <a href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-genom-091416-035340">milk</a>.When dense cities created conditions for disease to spread, mutations for <a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/100/25/15276.short">disease resistance spread</a> too.And for some reason, <a href="https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/519504">our brains have got smaller</a>. Unnatural environments create unnatural selection.

The Process Has Already Started

We’re also facing new selective pressures, such as reduced mortality. Studying the past doesn’t help here, but we can see how other species responded to similar pressures.Evolution in domestic animals may be especially relevant – arguably we’re becoming a kind of domesticated ape, but curiously, <a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/early-humans-domesticated-themselves-new-genetic-evidence-suggests?utm_campaign=SciMag&utm_source=Social&utm_medium=Facebook">one domesticated by ourselves </a>.

New Selective Pressures

Computers also provide an entirely new selective pressure.As <a href="https://www.statista.com/chart/20822/way-of-meeting-partner-heterosexual-us-couples/#:%7E:text=Surveys%20carried%20out%20and%20analyzed,2%20percent%20to%2039%20percent.">more and more matches are made on smartphones</a>, we are delegating decisions about what the next generation looks like to computer algorithms, who recommend our potential matches just like our playlists.This might sound like dark science fiction, but it’s already happening. It’s hard to know where this leads, but I wonder if it’s entirely wise to turn over the future of our species to iPhones, the internet and the companies behind them.

Computers as a Selection Pressure

Humans will almost certainly evolve to live much longer.Life cycles evolve in response to mortality rates; when they are high, animals must reproduce young, or might not reproduce at all.There’s no advantage to evolving mutations that prevent ageing or cancer – you won’t live long enough to use them.When mortality rates are low, the opposite is true.It’s useful to have adaptations that extend lifespan, and fertility, giving you more time to reproduce. That’s why animals with few predators (that live on islands, in the deep ocean, or are simply big) mature late and evolve longer lifespans.

II. Lifespan

Even before civilisation, people were unique among apes in having low mortality and <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/evan.1360010406">long lives</a>.Hunter-gatherers armed with spears and bows could defend against predators; <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513800000660?casa_token=flfN2IIm4GMAAAAA%3A4wiyTcAbi4_ekhP3nx7AOBVKyWpHM-Yco6uu5x8jCVzhBp-4XhE7TNLbN_JLG29lpvrsp_sw2g">food sharing </a>prevented starvation.So we evolved delayed sexual maturity, and long lifespans – <a href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_2352-1">up to 70 years </a>.Still, child mortality was high – <a href="https://escholarship.org/content/qt2zb2v4x9/qt2zb2v4x9.pdf">approaching 50% </a>or <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02573.x?casa_token=y-YSz5W2IRIAAAAA%3A4sZ98kY2GLRSs35WMNzJr_WqDQrxDqTuqwyIUYSe9N8Y6fx0XoYSAHCDxyrDqYyYuCl2apKeQErOUSc">more </a>by age 15. Average life expectancy was just <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02573.x?casa_token=y-YSz5W2IRIAAAAA%3A4sZ98kY2GLRSs35WMNzJr_WqDQrxDqTuqwyIUYSe9N8Y6fx0XoYSAHCDxyrDqYyYuCl2apKeQErOUSc">35 years </a>. Even after the rise of civilisation, child mortality stayed high until the 19th century, while life expectancy went down – <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy">to 30 years </a>– due to plagues and famines.

Application of Lifespan To The Human Context

In the past 200 years, better nutrition, medicine and hygiene reduced youth mortality to <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/youth-mortality-rate">under 1% </a> in most developed nations and soared life expectancy to at least <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy#:%7E:text=The%20United%20Nations%20estimate%20a,life%20expectancy%20of%2072.3%20years.">70 years worldwide</a>This is due to improved health, not evolution, but they set the stage for evolution to extend our lifespanNow, there’s little need to reproduce early. If anything, the years of training needed to be a doctor, CEO, or carpenter incentivise putting it offGiven that more people live to <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy#:%7E:text=The%20United%20Nations%20estimate%20a,life%20expectancy%20of%2072.3%20years.">100 </a><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2895458/"> years</a> (<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00070-1">record is 122</a>), there’s reason to think our genes could evolve until the average person routinely lives 100 years or more

Better Medicine and Nutrition

Animals often evolve larger size over time; it’s a trend seen in <a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/113/13/3447">tyrannosaurs</a>, whales, <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/paleobiology/article/abs/fossil-horses-from-eohippus-hyracotherium-to-equus-scaling-copes-law-and-the-evolution-of-body-size/9965A8A02408FBECB70D012A54930EA2">horses</a> and primates– including hominins.Early hominins e.g. <a href="https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-habilis">Homo habilis </a>were small, four to five feet tall.Later hominins e.g. <a href="https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-erectus">Homo erectus</a> grew taller. Why we got big is unclear- it is partly driven by improved nutrition, but <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2015.0211">genes seem to be evolving too </a>.In part, <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/667694">mortality may drive size evolutio</a>n; growth takes time, so longer lives mean more time to grow. But human females also <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/35003107">prefer</a> <a href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sbp/sbp/1996/00000024/00000002/art00005">tall males </a>. So both lower mortality and sexual preferences will likely cause humans to get taller.

III. Size, and strength

As we’ve grown taller, we’ve become more gracile.Over the past 2 million years, our skeletons became more lightly built as we relied less on brute force, and more on tools and weapons.As farming forced us to settle down, our lives became more sedentary, so our bone density decreased.Modern jobs increasingly require working with people, words and code – they take brains, not muscle.We spend more time behind desks, keyboards and steering wheels, and so these trends will likely continue.

More Gracile Structure

Our ancestors had to slaughter antelopes and dig roots; later they tilled and reaped in the fields. For manual laborers e.g. farmers, fisherman, lumberjacks – machinery such as tractors, hydraulics and chainsaws now shoulder a lot of the work.As physical strength becomes less necessary, our muscles will keep shrinking.

Change in Physical Labour

Our jaws and teeth also got smaller.Early, plant-eating hominins had huge molars and mandibles for grinding fibrous vegetables.As we shifted to meat, then started cooking food, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16972">jaws and teeth shrank</a>.Modern processed food, e.g. chicken nuggets, Big Macs, and cookie dough ice cream, needs even less chewing, so jaws will keep shrinking, and we’ll likely lose our wisdom teeth.

Jaws and Teeth

After people left Africa 100,000 years ago, humanity’s far-flung tribes became isolated by deserts, oceans, mountains, glaciers and sheer distance.In various parts of the world, different selective pressures – different climates, lifestyles and beauty standards – caused our appearance to evolve in different ways. Tribes evolved distinctive skin colour, eyes, hair and facial features.

IV. Beauty

With civilisation’s rise and new technologies, these populations were linked again.Wars of conquest, empire building, colonisation and trade – including trade of other humans – all shifted populations, which interbred. Today, road, rail and aircraft link us too.Bushmen would walk 40 miles to find a partner; we’ll go 4,000 miles.We’re increasingly one, worldwide population – freely mixing. That will create a world of hybrids – light brown skinned, dark-haired, Afro-Euro-Australo-Americo-Asians, their skin colour and facial features tending toward a global average.

A World of Hybrids

Sexual selection will further accelerate the evolution of our appearance.With most forms of natural selection no longer operating, mate choice will play a larger role.Humans might become more attractive, but more uniform in appearance. Globalised media may also create more uniform standards of beauty, pushing all humans towards a single ideal.Sex differences, however, could be exaggerated if the ideal is masculine-looking men and feminine-looking women.

More Attractive, Uniform Humans

Last, our brains and minds, our most distinctively human feature, will evolve, perhaps dramatically.Over the past 6 million years, hominin <a href="https://humanorigins.si.edu/human-characteristics/brains">brain size roughly tripled</a>, suggesting selection for big brains driven by tool use, complex societies and language.It might seem inevitable that this trend will continue, but it probably won’t.Instead, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2021.742639/full">our brains are getting smaller</a>. In Europe, brain size peaked <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41464021">10,000—20,000 years ago, just before we invented farming</a>. Then, brains got smaller.Modern humans have brains smaller than our ancient predecessors, or even medieval people. It’s unclear why.

V. Intelligence 

It could be that fat and protein were scarce once we moved to farming, making it more costly to grow and maintain large brains. Brains are also energetically expensive by burning ~20% of our daily calories.In agricultural tribes with frequent famine, a big brain may be a liability. Maybe hunter life was demanding in ways farming isn’t; in civilisation, you don’t need to outwit lions, etc.Making and using bows and spears also requires fine motor control, coordination, the ability to track animals ; maybe the parts of our brains used for those things got smaller when we stopped hunting.

Why Brain Size Has Decreased?

Or maybe living in a large society of specialists demands less brainpower than living in a tribe of generalists.Stone-age people mastered many skills – hunting, tracking, foraging for plants, making herbal medicines and poisons, crafting tools, waging war, making music and magic.Modern humans perform fewer, more specialised roles as part of vast social networks, exploiting division of labour. In a civilisation, we specialise on a trade, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3300">then rely on others for everything else</a>.

Specialists Demand Less Skills and Brainpower

No: <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnana.2014.00046/full">elephants</a> and <a href="https://phys.org/news/2010-03-smart-killer-whales-orcas-2nd-biggest.html">orcas</a> have bigger brains than us, and Einstein’s brain was <a href="https://phys.org/news/2005-01-einsteins-brain.html">smaller than average</a>.Neanderthals had brains comparable to ours, but <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2013.0168">more of the brain was devoted to sight and control of the body</a>, suggesting less capacity for things like language and tool use.So how much the loss of brain mass affects overall intelligence is unclear. Maybe we lost certain abilities, while enhancing others that are more relevant to modern life.It’s possible that we’ve maintained processing power by having fewer, smaller neurons. Still, I worry about what that missing 10% of my grey matter did.

Is Brain Size Everything?

Curiously, domestic animals also <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23264664">evolved smaller brains </a>. Sheep lost 24% of their brain mass after domestication; for cows, it’s 26%; dogs, 30%.This raises an unsettling possibility. Maybe being more willing to passively go with the flow, even thinking less like a domesticated animal, has been bred into us, like it was for them.

Linking Brain Size to Domesticated Animals...

Changing social patterns will change personalities.Humans live in much larger groups than other apes, but in today’s world people living in vast cities of millions.In the past, our relationships were necessarily few, and often lifelong, but now we inhabit seas of people, moving often for work, and in the process forming thousands of relationships, many fleeting and, increasingly, virtual.This world will push us to become more outgoing, open and tolerant.Yet, navigating such vast social networks may also require we become more willing to adapt ourselves to them – to be more conformist.

VI. Personality

Perhaps because of this, increasing numbers of people suffer from psychological issues such as <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/06/health/lonliness-aging-health-effects.html">loneliness</a>, anxiety and depression. Many turn to alcohol and other substances to cope.Selection against vulnerability to these conditions might improve our mental health, and make us happier as a species.But that could come at a price. Many great geniuses had their demons; leaders like Abraham Lincoln fought with depression, as did scientists such as Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin. Some, like Vincent Van Gogh, took their own lives. Others, like Jimi Hendrix, were destroyed by substance abuse.

Social Patterns and Mental Health

A disturbing thought is that troubled minds will be removed from the gene pool – but potentially at the cost of eliminating the sort of spark that created visionary leaders, great writers, artists and musicians.Future humans might be better adjusted – but less fun to party with and less likely to launch a scientific revolution — stable, happy and boring.

There were once <a href="https://theconversation.com/were-other-humans-the-first-victims-of-the-sixth-mass-extinction-126638">nine human species</a>, now it’s just us. But could new human species evolve?For that to happen, we’d need isolated populations subject to distinct selective pressures. Distance no longer isolates us, but reproductive isolation could theoretically be achieved by selective mating.If people were culturally segregated – marrying based on religion, class, caste, or even politics – distinct populations, even species, might evolve.

VII. New species?

In the past, religion and lifestyle have sometimes produced genetically distinct groups, as seen in for example in the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3032072">Jewish </a>and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31389">Gypsy </a>populations.Today, politics also divides us; but could it divide us genetically? Liberals now move to be near other liberals, and <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0225405">conservatives to be near conservatives</a>; many on the left <a href="https://time.com/5896607/dating-political-ideology/">won’t date Trump supporters</a> and vice versa.Could this create two species, with instinctively different views? Probably not. Still, to the extent culture divides us, it could drive evolution in different ways.

It has partially happened already...

So far, I’ve mostly taken a historical perspective, looking back. But in some ways, the future might be radically unlike the past. Evolution itself has evolvedOne of the more extreme possibilities is directed evolution, where we actively control our species’ evolutionWe already breed ourselves when we choose partners with appearances and personalities we like. For thousands of years, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3083418/">hunters arranged marriages</a> to seek good hunters for their daughters, or grooms at least were generally <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12110-004-1014-8">expected to seek approval</a>Similar traditions survive elsewhere today- In other words, we breed our own children

VIII. Strange new possibilities

Going forward, we’ll do this with far more knowledge of what we’re doing and more control over the genes of our descendants.We can already screen ourselves and <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/embryo-screening-and-the-ethics-of-human-60561/#:%7E:text=Also%20known%20as%20embryo%20screening,forced%20to%20make%20the%20difficult">embryos for genetic diseases</a>.We could potentially choose embryos for desirable genes, as we do with crops.Direct editing of the DNA of a human embryo has been <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00673-1">proven to be possible </a> — but seems morally abhorrent, effectively turning children into subjects of medical experimentation.And yet, if such technologies were proven safe, I could imagine a future where you’d be a bad parent not  to give your children the best genes possible.

Altering Our Children's Genome

Discussions of human evolution are usually backward looking, as if the greatest triumphs and challenges were in the distant past.But as technology and culture enter a period of <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Sapiens-Humankind-Yuval-Noah-Harari-ebook/dp/B00ICN066A/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2QHPQXXL0YKXN&keywords=sapiens&qid=1645456786&sprefix=sapiens%2Caps%2C124&sr=8-1">accelerating change</a>, our genes will too.Arguably, the most interesting parts of evolution aren’t life’s origins, dinosaurs, or Neanderthals, but what’s happening right now, our present – and our future.

Conclusion

This has been one of my most favourite long-reads yet! As an A-Level biology student, I really resonated with the explanations and was able to understand how different aspects, some surprising, can possibly tie in to our development as a whole. It is a big question that surprisingly isn't asked enough- instead of our lifestyles, how will we change in the future?

Arguably, the most interesting parts of evolution aren’t dinosaurs or Neanderthals, but what’s happening right now – and our future.

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

Future evolution: from looks to brains and personality, how will humans change in the next 10,000 years?

<ul><li>Although Elon musk obtained not one but two degrees he is not someone who credits his college education to his success. In fact, he feels just the opposite. He has been very vocal about his criticisms of the modern education system.</li><li>Musk attended the University of Pennsylvania and received his bachelor's degree in both economics and physics; he intended to obtain his Ph.D. from Stanford but left soon after to co-found the web software company Zip2 along with his brother.</li><li>He decided to take his education into his own hands turning instead to textbooks and individuals with specialized knowledge.</li></ul>

Taking Education Into Your Own Hands

<ul><li>One of the earliest people Elon Musk reached out to is Jim Cantrell, who worked for the French Space Agency or CNES from 1990 to 1992 and then came back to the US  where he began consulting for aerospace agencies. </li><li>Musk called him out of the blue in 2001 and asked about the possibility of sending a spacecraft to mars + building the rockets himself. </li><li>Cantrell lent him some of his textbooks about rocket propulsion fundamentals of astrodynamics and the international reference guide to space launch systems.</li><li>After reading them, Musk developed the plans for the rocket that would eventually be used by S<warningtag>paceX.</warningtag></li></ul>

Reaching Out To The Right People

Another principle that Elon Musk follows in his quest for self-education is surrounding himself with the best and the brightest people. He would strike up conversations with people who were the best in their field, acquire their knowledge and expertise through discussions, and then try to replicate that knowledge when he applied it to his endeavors.It is for this reason that he keeps a close network of industry experts some of whom he even employs. In fact, Jim Cantrell actually worked with Musk at SpaceX for a time before moving on to his own ventures.

Surrounding Yourself With The Brightest People

Elon Musk admitted in an interview that he was raised by books and then his parents. His reading history is impressive: when he was just nine years old he reportedly read the entire Encyclopedia Britannica, then moved on to almost exclusively reading science fiction novels for about 10 hours per day. Although the average person probably doesn't have 10 hours a day to dedicate to reading, some of the richest and most talented people will tell you that one of the secrets to their success is that they read constantly: take the example of  Warren Buffett, Bill Gates, Oprah Winfrey, and Mark Cuban.

Reading Habits of Successful People

What separates Musk from people who just read books is that he applies the knowledge he acquires.Musk has stated that he has two basic principles for knowledge acquisition and application: <ol><li>the first is that he reviews knowledge in his words as sort of a semantic tree; he encourages people to make sure they understand the fundamental principles.</li><li>the second principle is that it is nearly impossible to remember what you can't connect. The correct function of our brains and acquiring knowledge is not just to store random facts in order to learn. We have to practice putting that information to use.</li></ol>

Applying What You Read

Dig into this collection about Elon Musk to see how his brain works, the future he envisions for the world, and a lot more.

books

Books

problemsolving

Problem Solving

business

Business

leadershipandmanagement

Leadership & Management

Inside The Mind of Elon Musk

How Elon Musk was able to accomplish so many things. Because Elon Musk has special methods, that's how he learned rocket science. That's how he learned anything he wanted. This is a very educational video, so don't miss it. SUBSCRIBE AND THEN IF YOU WON'T LIKE IT, OKAY YOU CAN UNSUBSCRIBE ╔═╦╗╔╦╗╔═╦═╦╦╦╦╗╔═╗ ║╚╣║║║╚╣╚╣╔╣╔╣║╚╣═╣ ╠╗║╚╝║║╠╗║╚╣║║║║║═╣ ╚═╩══╩═╩═╩═╩╝╚╩═╩═╝ Elon Musk Destroys Apple https://youtu.be/MXIswmG5xyE Elon Musk: I Will Tell You All about The Aliens: https://youtu.be/d8RBC3F2kC8 Elon Musk"Stop Blaming President for Everything" https://youtu.be/LqI_JoXdCZk Why Elon Musk Fires people https://youtu.be/Q47kZwvrrdo Elon Musk - "Delete Your Facebook" https://youtu.be/HA7bhpDaQ3Q Connect with us on Social Media: Connect on Twitter: https://twitter.com/DBBusinessPage Connect on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dbbusinessofficial Connect on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DBBusiness About Business Inquiries: dbbusinessytdep@gmail.com For my channel optimization I use TubeBoddy: http://bitly.ws/9mtn For Music I use Epidemicsound: http://bitly.ws/anbV ****** For any issues, this is our email: dbbusinessytdep@gmail.com DISCLAIMER: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide, I may receive a small commission. There is no additional charge to you! Thank you for supporting this channel, so I can continue to provide you with free content each week! Copyright © DB Business 2021 #ElonMusk #Musk #howtolearnanything

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How Elon Musk was able to accomplish so many things. Because Elon Musk has special methods, that's how he learned rocket science. That's how he learned anything he wanted. This is a very educational video, so don't miss it.



SUBSCRIBE AND THEN IF YOU WON'T LIKE IT, OKAY YOU CAN UNSUBSCRIBE
╔═╦╗╔╦╗╔═╦═╦╦╦╦╗╔═╗
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╚═╩══╩═╩═╩═╩╝╚╩═╩═╝



Elon Musk Destroys Apple
https://youtu.be/MXIswmG5xyE

Elon Musk: I Will Tell You All about The Aliens: https://youtu.be/d8RBC3F2kC8

Elon Musk"Stop Blaming President for Everything" https://youtu.be/LqI_JoXdCZk

Why Elon Musk Fires people
https://youtu.be/Q47kZwvrrdo

Elon Musk - "Delete Your Facebook"
https://youtu.be/HA7bhpDaQ3Q



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http://bitly.ws/9mtn

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http://bitly.ws/anbV




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DISCLAIMER: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide, I may receive a small commission. There is no additional charge to you! Thank you for supporting this channel, so I can continue to provide you with free content each week!


Copyright © DB Business 2021

#ElonMusk  #Musk #howtolearnanything

This is a channel of DB Business. We are a team of business minded people who love and breathe by technology and innovations, we created this channel to share the most epic and legendary stories about this industry. Also, we love to listen to interviews of people like Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, Tim Cook and others. If something special happens, we love to share it. Do not miss our videos about these epic business and technology stories. We are sure you will learn many things and like it.

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How To Learn Anything, Anywhere - Elon Musk

Elon Musk is the entrepreneur behind PayPal, SpaceX, Tesla, and SolarCity. Musk’s mission with each of these companies was to save humanity.
Elon has always dreamed big. Plus, he eventually achieved many dreams people claimed he never could. From throwing massive parties to pay his way through his education at the University of Pennsylvania, to plans to create one of the first online banks. Elon has always been an innovator.

Elon Musk: An Introduction

Elon Musk’s motivations do not lie with money. He cares for humanity more than he cares about money.
<ul>
<li>These characteristics have allowed Elon to create two separate sustainable technology companies, Tesla Motors and SolarCity, that are each worth billions of dollars. Sustainability is a highly competitive industry, and without Elon’s internal drive, he probably would have failed.</li>
<li>He also has more elaborate plans for saving humanity. He states that his main goal in life is to save the human race. He wants to provide people with the opportunity to relocate to Mars before Earth is destroyed by climate change and asteroids.</li>
</ul>

Driven by the Idea of Saving Humanity

Elon Musk does not let worries consume him but instead uses them as motivation to get things done. However, this motivation can sometimes be overwhelming.
<ul>
<li>He has also become well known for setting unrealistic goals for his companies and unrealistic expectations of his employees. Subsequently, several previous employees have provided examples of the unbearable workloads and his verbal abuse.</li>
<li>Despite this, he is still respected by his employees. His clear sense of mission helps motivate them to follow his lead. They see he is successful in almost all his pursuits. He also demands unrealistic expectations of himself.</li>
</ul>

Paranoid-Like Focus

<ul>
<li>Growing up in South Africa, Elon had very few friends.</li>
<li>After his parents separated, Elon decided to live with his father. However, this decision led to a problematic young life for Elon. The Musk family has been unwilling to elaborate on how he behaved. Still, they are willing to describe him as an unpleasant man to be around.</li>
<li>As well to a difficult life at home, Elon was also bullied by his classmates because he was more intelligent than most of them. On some occasions, Elon would receive such a severe beating from the bullies that he couldn’t attend school for a week.</li>
</ul>

A Difficult Childhood

<ul>
<li>To escape from his complicated relationship with his father and the turmoils of school, Elon retreated into reading and studying. </li>
<li>Elon had the remarkable ability to memorize information photographically. Hence, he was able to read two encyclopedias and remember everything. </li>
<li>However, out of all books, The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy was the one that had the most significant impact on him. Specifically, the book taught him that answering a question is easy, but asking the right question is much more challenging.</li>
</ul>

Saved By Books

This ethos of looking to ask the right questions led to Elon Musk considering how he could expand and improve human civilization from a young age.
For example, by high school, he already had strong opinions on solar power, moving to other planets, paperless banking, and space rockets. On top of this, during this time, Elon started to learn more about entrepreneurship. He created his own video game, Blastar, which he sold for $500 when he was just 12 years old.

Asking The Right Questions

<ul>
<li>In the 1980s, when Elon Musk was reaching college age, military service was mandatory in South Africa. However, Elon had no interest in the military. So, he decided to leave the country.</li>
<li>The US was his dream destination, but he instead opted for Canada as a starting point.</li>
<li>Elon’s first year in Canada did not go exactly to plan. He struggled for money, as he drifted between odd jobs, and he struggled to find a real home. Instead, he was moving from relative to relative for short periods at a time.</li>
</ul>

The 80s: South Africa To Canada

Elon created his first company in 1995, straight out of college. He and his brother founded the Global Link Information Network. This company would later be renamed Zip2.
<ul>
<li>The USP of this company was that they guided businesses that are struggling to understand how to set up and use the internet. Although this idea would eventually make Elon and his brother millions of dollars, they were not immediately successful. As the internet was a completely new concept, several businesses did not yet understand the value of putting their business online.</li>
<li>Elon and his brother struggled to gain traction with their new startup until a venture capital firm was impressed by Elon’s energy and drive. Mohr Davidow Ventures decided to invest in the start-up after meeting Elon. They hired Rich Sorkin as CEO of the company, moving Elon further down the business.</li>
</ul>

Musk’s First Start-Up

<ul>
<li>Zip2 saw a considerable growth opportunity when, in February 1999, PC-maker Compaq Computer offered $307 million in cash for the company. </li>
<li>Elon did not even have to think about selling his share. He already had several other projects in mind, and this money would help make those dreams a reality. Instead of sitting on the sidelines, Elon wanted to become a CEO who was heavily involved in the company’s decision making.</li>
</ul>

The Compaq Takeover

<ul>
<li>After selling Zip2, Elon Musk had started to develop a strong reputation. Hence, he was able to partner with Barclays for his next business venture, X.com. At this time, people were still very wary of the internet. People were not even willing to buy books online, as they worried about using their bank details on the internet.</li>
<li>However, Elon opened one of the first online banks, X.com, and managed to increase people’s confidence in online banking through his innovative approach.</li>
<li>X.com’s executives asked the company board if they could demote Musk as CEO. The executives succeeded, and Musk became an advisor. </li>
<li>In July 2002, the company was sold to eBay for $1.5 billion. From this, Musk received $250 million. </li>
</ul>

X.COM

Elon Musk has always had a passion for space travel. Just before PayPal was sold, Elon moved from near Silicon Valley to Los Angeles. He was fed up with Silicon Valley and wanted a new adventure.
This adventure was space travel. He moved just around the corner from the US space industry hub, where they were considering the possibility of putting life on Mars. To investigate this possibility, the Mars Society was sending mice into orbit. Although Elon was interested in this idea, he believed they could go one step further. He preferred the idea of just sending the mice straight to Mars.

Investigating Life on Mars

Before Tesla, electric cars were available but were not mainstream. Wealthy individuals would always opt for a Jaguar or Ferrari over buying an electric car. However, Tesla changed the game. They provided powerful and stylish electric cars. Elon Musk made electric cars cool.
Tesla had slow growth at first but has now become one of the world’s most successful companies. Tesla’s Model S is the most influential of Tesla’s cars, with its release in 2012 changing the way we interact with cars.

Tesla Inspired an Electric Car Future

Elon Musk unveiled the Hyperloop in 2013. The Hyperloop is a large scale pneumatic tube. These are the same tubes used to send mail around offices. However, Elon has taken this idea and applied it on a grand scale. Large versions of these tubes will be used to transport people and their cars within pods.
The innovative approach that Hyperloop adopts allows the pods to travel as fast as 800 miles per hour. If adopted on a large scale, people will travel from LA to San Francisco in just 30 minutes.

The Hyperloop

We bring you lessons from self-made billionaires to point you in the right direction

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Habits

personaldevelopment

Personal Development

Lessons From Self Made Billionaires

South African born Elon Musk is the renowned entrepreneur and innovator behind PayPal, SpaceX, Tesla, and SolarCity. Musk wants to save our planet; he wants to send citizens into space, to form a colony on Mars; he wants to make money while doing these things; and he wants us all to know about it. He is the real-life inspiration for the Iron Man series of films starring Robert Downey Junior. The personal tale of Musk's life comes with all the trappings one associates with a great, drama-filled story. He was a freakishly bright kid who was bullied brutally at school, and abused by his father. In the midst of these rough conditions, and the violence of apartheid South Africa, Musk still thrived academically and attended the University of Pennsylvania, where he paid his own way through school by turning his house into a club and throwing massive parties. He started a pair of huge dot-com successes, including PayPal, which eBay acquired for $1.5 billion in 2002. Musk was forced out as CEO and so began his lost years in which he decided to go it alone and baffled friends by investing his fortune in rockets and electric cars. Meanwhile Musk's marriage disintegrated as his technological obsessions took over his life ... Elon Musk is the Steve Jobs of the present and the future, and for the past twelve months, he has been shadowed by tech reporter, Ashlee Vance. Elon Musk: How the Billionaire CEO of Spacex and Tesla is Shaping our Future is an important, exciting and intelligent account of the real-life Iron Man.

creativity

Creativity

South African born Elon Musk is the renowned entrepreneur and innovator behind PayPal, SpaceX, Tesla, and SolarCity. Musk wants to save our planet; he wants to send citizens into space, to form a colony on Mars; he wants to make money while doing these things; and he wants us all to know about it. He is the real-life inspiration for the Iron Man series of films starring Robert Downey Junior. The personal tale of Musk's life comes with all the trappings one associates with a great, drama-filled story. He was a freakishly bright kid who was bullied brutally at school, and abused by his father. In the midst of these rough conditions, and the violence of apartheid South Africa, Musk still thrived academically and attended the University of Pennsylvania, where he paid his own way through school by turning his house into a club and throwing massive parties. He started a pair of huge dot-com successes, including PayPal, which eBay acquired for $1.5 billion in 2002. Musk was forced out as CEO and so began his lost years in which he decided to go it alone and baffled friends by investing his fortune in rockets and electric cars. Meanwhile Musk's marriage disintegrated as his technological obsessions took over his life ... Elon Musk is the Steve Jobs of the present and the future, and for the past twelve months, he has been shadowed by tech reporter, Ashlee Vance. Elon Musk: How the Billionaire CEO of Spacex and Tesla is Shaping our Future is an important, exciting and intelligent account of the real-life Iron Man.

Ashlee Vance is an award winning feature writer for Bloomberg Businessweek magazine. Vance is also the host of the "Hello World" TV show. Previously, he worked for The New York Times and The Register.Vance was born in South Africa, grew up in Texas and attended Pomona College. He has spent more than a decade covering the technology industry from San Francisco and is a noted Silicon Valley historian.

Ashlee Vance

Elon Musk

Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

"Well, I do think there’s a good framework for thinking. It is physics. You know, the sort of first principles reasoning. (...) What I mean by that is, boil things down to their fundamental truths and reason up from there, as opposed to reasoning by analogy.Through most of our life, we get through life by reasoning by analogy, which essentially means copying what other people do with slight variations."

<ul>
<li>First principles thinking: actively questioning every assumption you think you know about a given problem or scenario  and then creating new knowledge and solutions from scratch. </li>
<li>Reasoning by analogy: building knowledge and solving problems based on prior assumptions, beliefs and widely held ‘best practices’ approved by majority of people.</li>
</ul>

First Principle Vs. Analog Thinking

<ol>
<li>Identify and define your current assumptions: When next you’re faced with a familiar problem or challenge, write down your current assumptions about them.</li>
<li>Breakdown the problem into its fundamental principles: These fundamental principles are basically the most basic truths or elements of anything.</li>
<li>Create new solutions from scratch.</li>
</ol>

Elon Musk's 3 Steps Principle Thinking

"It is important to view knowledge as sort of semantic tree. Make sure you understand the fundamental principles, ie the trunk and big branches, before you get into the leaves/details or there is nothing for them to hang on to.”

Assumption: “I just can’t find enough time to workout and achieve my weight loss goals.”
First principles thinking:
<ul>
<li>What do you really need to reach your weight loss goal? I need to exercise more, preferably 5 days a week for an hour each time. </li>
<li>Could you still lose weight exercising less frequently, if so how? Possibly, I could try 15 minute workouts, 3 days a week. These could be quick high intensity full body workouts that will speed up my fat loss in less time.</li>
</ul>

First Principles Thinking In Action

“The person who says he knows what he thinks but cannot express it usually does not know what he thinks.”

By the age of 46 years old, Elon Musk has innovated and built three revolutionary multibillion dollar companies in completely different fields - Paypal (Financial Services), Tesla Motors (Automotive) and SpaceX (Aerospace). This list doesn't even include Solar City (Energy), which he helped build and acquired for $2.6 Billion recently.

Elon Musks' "3-Step" First Principles Thinking: How to Think and Solve Difficult Problems Like a...

Elon Musk is revered as one of history's greatest innovators. But what makes him so brilliant is that his genius is rooted not in an abstract complexity, but in straightforward simplicity. 
He doesn't pursue every idea or innovation that comes to mind. Rather, he fields them using his simple "innovation equation" to determine if they are indeed worth pursuing. It's a crucial step many entrepreneurs overlook, leading them into a blind pursuit of something that might be great, but not great for them.

The Innovation Equation

According to Musk, "What matters is the pace of innovation, access to resources, and raw materials." So, entrepreneurs can quickly and easily gauge whether they have what it takes to turn their wild idea into reality using this simple equation.
It breaks down into three basic questions:
<ul>
<li>How long will it take you to build?</li>
<li>Do you have access to the right resources?</li>
<li>Can you obtain the required raw materials?</li>
</ul>
For any entrepreneur, this is a critical step in the pursuit of a startup. Not only can it save you a great deal of time, money, and energy.

Having What It Takes To Turn Ideas Into Reality

Time matters, though it's not necessarily that you need to be able to build something the fastest. But you do need to be able to innovate in a timely manner.
Especially when those looking to innovate are typically those looking to innovate quickly and stay ahead of the competition. In many instances, it can be something of a race, and with immense competition across just about every field, being at the head of the pack can help you be successful.

Factor 1: Pace of innovation

With the right pace, you also need access to the right resources. This is because resources indicate your ability to innovate. Without them, an idea is simply just an idea, and pursuing something without the necessary resources will cause you to spend more time pursuing resources than innovating.
Ask yourself if you have the resources at hand (or within reach), from the right network to the right people, to be able to innovate the way you plan to.

Factor 2: Access To Resources

You need to have the physical resources, or raw materials, available to be able to innovate. Raw materials are often something that holds startups back in terms of speed.
But trouble sourcing raw materials can also be to the detriment of a startup that depends on them.

Factor 3: Raw Materials

This simple three-part lesson can save you a great deal of time, money, and energy.

Elon Musk Reveals His Innovation Equation. It's an Easy Way to Gauge If a Business Idea Is Viable

Keyboard shortcuts, like [Ctrl-C] were created at Xerox in the 1970s, and include functions like cut, copy, and paste.But the crown jewel of shortcuts, Control-Alt-Delete, was created in the early 1980s by David Bradley, an IBM engineer.It only took 5 minutes to dream up the iconic combination, which became a hit among IBM employees, then got programmed into the company’s original PC.

The First Keyboard Shortcut: Ctrl-Alt-Del

<ul><li>Make shortcuts easy to remember.</li><li>Ensure they make sense with existing keyboards.</li><li>Develop combinations that don’t trigger other shortcuts.</li></ul>They also need to factor in how frequently a shortcut will be used. Shortcuts that are used more often tend to include simpler key combinations (e.g., copy and paste), while those that are less frequently tend to include more keys (e.g., force-quitting an app).

What Do Engineers See When Making Keyboard Shortcuts

One of the biggest trends in productivity software is using shortcuts. Companies like Notion, Superhuman, and Figma have created their own shortcuts to help users save time by ditching the mouse.If you’re looking to start using your keyboard more effectively, Use The Keyboard is a website that lists shortcuts from a range of popular apps and websites.You can always take your keyboard into your own hands — both Mac OS and Windows allow users to create their own shortcuts.

Shortcuts In Modern Apps

The origin story and next era of keyboard shortcuts.

Where do keyboard shortcuts come from?

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Our response to "A Cryptocurrency Without a Blockchain Has Been Built to Outperform Bitcoin" – MIT Media Lab

Why DAO? : The Problem With Traditional Governance

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Future evolution: from looks to brains and personality, how will humans change in the next 10,000 years?

How To Learn Anything, Anywhere - Elon Musk

Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

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Elon Musk Reveals His Innovation Equation. It's an Easy Way to Gauge If a Business Idea Is Viable

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