The virtual world can seem more immediate and significant than the smelly, tasty, touchy 3D Real World. Its a place of anxiety and triumphant exhilaration which sweeps us into the social networking swirl of collective consciousness.It is a parallel world where you can be on the move in the Real World, yet always hooked into an alternative time and place.Many parents complain that they are unable to take their child away from screen time and back into the 3D world.

A Global Phenomenon

Sharing personal information about oneself, as promoted on social networking sites, activates the reward systems in the brain the same way as food and sex do.

Upon waking, you will be checking your phone within 15 minutes of consciousness.You will need stimulation, excitement and escapism. So you use technology to socialise, for online shopping, playing games etc.The Real physical world is becoming less relevant as traditional constraints of time and space fade.The time that could have been spent walking in fresh air or having a face to face conversation has been forfeited in favour of cyberactivity, which is a completely new type of environment where taste, smell and touch are not stimulated, being completely sedentary for long periods of time.

Unprecedented Times

We have always invented new things, we have always worried about new things and we have always moaned about the younger generations.

In 2000, brain scans showed that London cab drivers had developed physical changes in their brains as a result of their daily activity of constantly using their working memory. Their hippocampus was actually bigger compared to non taxi drivers of the same age. This is an example of the 'use it or lose it' principle.Plasticity is the term for this process, the brains ability to shape and mould itself in response to stimuli.Environmental enrichment has been demonstrated in studies showing physical changes in neural circuits through experience.

How The Brain Changes

The brain undergoes continuous physical change... the brain remakes itself throughout life, in response to outside stimuli to its environment and to experience.

The word 'ecstasy' in Greek means 'to stand outside' of oneself. It is this emotional, unreflective state that we seek out through a diverse range of pursuits - an absence of self consciousness, of being 'abandoned'.MINDLESS - sensation, strong feelings dominate, here and now, driven by external environment, little meaning, not self conscious, high dopamine, meaningless world.MINDFUL - cognition, thinking dominates, past-present-future, driven by internal perceptions, personalised meaning, robust sense of self, less dopamine, meaningful world.

Out Of Your Mind

Thinking is movement confined to the brain.

When you share personal information on a social networking site, you share it with a large immediate audience.Research shows that the lack of face to face communication leads to a corresponding rise in self disclosure. The absence of visual cues or body language to discourage us or make us second guess what we may disclose, has lead to a rise in self disclosure.Body language is an ancient evolutionary mechanism for not letting our defences down prematurely.

Social Networking

We decided that these would be the social norms now and we just went for it.

Sometimes the real world is not the best place to be. Video games can provide a calming routine for people who are unable to cope with the uncertainties of the real world.Unlike traditional real world games, video games offer an escape from the dull, difficult world to one that is more exciting, appealing to the senses and where there are reassuringly definite and predictable outcomes in which the player can participate as a better self.Research shows unhappy people create avatars that are very different to themselves whereas happy people create avatars just like themselves.

Video Games

Without Google and Wikipedia, I am stupid, not just ignorant.

Research analysing reading behaviour in the digital environment has revealed that decreases in sustained attention are increasingly characterising peoples literacy skills. People inclined to browse, scan and read more selectively, will spend less time on in depth and concentrated reading.Paper books are of a fixed time and place, have permanence and therefore a reassuring security which an ebook will never deliver.Search engines offer an easy fast option as opposed to taking your brain for a work out, you will now run the risk of becoming mentally flabby. The display will be driving you.

The Display Is Driving You

Books stand for knowledge, new ideas and the inventiveness of the human spirit and imagination.

Social networking sites could worsen communication skills and reduce interpersonal empathy.Personal identities might be constructed externally and refined to perfection with the praise of an audience as a priority, an approach more suggestive of performance art than of personal growth.Obsessive gaming could lead to greater recklessness, a shorter attention span and an increasingly aggressive disposition.Heavy reliance on search engines and a preference for surfing, rather than researching, could result in quick mental processing at the expense of deep knowledge and understanding.

Summary

Firstly, the human brain adapts to the environment; secondly, the environment is changing in an unprecedented way; so thirdly, the brain may also be changing in an unprecedented way.

How digital technologies are leaving their mark on our brains.

We live in a world unimaginable only decades ago: a domain of backlit screens, instant information, and vibrant experiences that can outcompete dreary reality. Our brave new technologies offer incredible opportunities for work and play. But at what price? Now renowned neuroscientist Susan Greenfield—known in the United Kingdom for challenging entrenched conventional views—brings together a range of scientific studies, news events, and cultural criticism to create an incisive snapshot of “the global now.” Disputing the assumption that our technologies are harmless tools, Greenfield explores whether incessant exposure to social media sites, search engines, and videogames is capable of rewiring our brains, and whether the minds of people born before and after the advent of the Internet differ. Stressing the impact on Digital Natives—those who’ve never known a world without the Internet—Greenfield exposes how neuronal networking may be affected by unprecedented bombardments of audiovisual stimuli, how gaming can shape a chemical landscape in the brain similar to that in gambling addicts, how surfing the Net risks placing a premium on information rather than on deep knowledge and understanding, and how excessive use of social networking sites limits the maturation of empathy and identity. But Mind Change also delves into the potential benefits of our digital lifestyle. Sifting through the cocktail of not only threat but opportunity these technologies afford, Greenfield explores how gaming enhances vision and motor control, how touch tablets aid students with developmental disabilities, and how political “clicktivism” foments positive change. In a world where adults spend ten hours a day online, and where tablets are the common means by which children learn and play, Mind Change reveals as never before the complex physiological, social, and cultural ramifications of living in the digital age. A book that will be to the Internet what An Inconvenient Truth was to global warming, Mind Change is provocative, alarming, and a call to action to ensure a future in which technology fosters—not frustrates—deep thinking, creativity, and true fulfillment. Praise for Mind Change “Greenfield’s application of the mismatch between human and machine to the brain introduces an important variation on this pervasive view of technology. . . . She has a rare talent for explaining science in accessible prose.”—The Washington Post “Greenfield’s focus is on bringing to light the implications of Internet-induced ‘mind change’—as comparably multifaceted as the issue of climate change, she argues, and just as important.”—Chicago Tribune “Mind Change is exceedingly well organized and hits the right balance between academic and provocative.”—Booklist “[A] challenging, stimulating perspective from an informed neuroscientist on a complex, fast-moving, hugely consequential field.”—Kirkus Reviews “[Greenfield] is not just an engaging communicator but a thoughtful, responsible scientist, and the arguments she makes are well-supported and persuasive.”—Mail on Sunday “Greenfield’s admirable goal to prove an empirical basis for discussion is . . . an important one.”—Financial Times “An important presentation of an uncomfortable minority position.”—Jaron Lanier, Nature

Understand yourself and those around you.

psychology

Psychology

parenting

Parenting

technologyandthefuture

Technology & The Future

communication

Communication

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

We live in a world unimaginable only decades ago: a domain of backlit screens, instant information, and vibrant experiences that can outcompete dreary reality. Our brave new technologies offer incredible opportunities for work and play. But at what price?   Now renowned neuroscientist Susan Greenfield—known in the United Kingdom for challenging entrenched conventional views—brings together a range of scientific studies, news events, and cultural criticism to create an incisive snapshot of “the global now.” Disputing the assumption that our technologies are harmless tools, Greenfield explores whether incessant exposure to social media sites, search engines, and videogames is capable of rewiring our brains, and whether the minds of people born before and after the advent of the Internet differ.   Stressing the impact on Digital Natives—those who’ve never known a world without the Internet—Greenfield exposes how neuronal networking may be affected by unprecedented bombardments of audiovisual stimuli, how gaming can shape a chemical landscape in the brain similar to that in gambling addicts, how surfing the Net risks placing a premium on information rather than on deep knowledge and understanding, and how excessive use of social networking sites limits the maturation of empathy and identity.   But Mind Change also delves into the potential benefits of our digital lifestyle. Sifting through the cocktail of not only threat but opportunity these technologies afford, Greenfield explores how gaming enhances vision and motor control, how touch tablets aid students with developmental disabilities, and how political “clicktivism” foments positive change.   In a world where adults spend ten hours a day online, and where tablets are the common means by which children learn and play, Mind Change reveals as never before the complex physiological, social, and cultural ramifications of living in the digital age. A book that will be to the Internet what An Inconvenient Truth was to global warming, Mind Change is provocative, alarming, and a call to action to ensure a future in which technology fosters—not frustrates—deep thinking, creativity, and true fulfillment. Praise for Mind Change   “Greenfield’s application of the mismatch between human and machine to the brain introduces an important variation on this pervasive view of technology. . . . She has a rare talent for explaining science in accessible prose.”—The Washington Post   “Greenfield’s focus is on bringing to light the implications of Internet-induced ‘mind change’—as comparably multifaceted as the issue of climate change, she argues, and just as important.”—Chicago Tribune   “Mind Change is exceedingly well organized and hits the right balance between academic and provocative.”—Booklist   “[A] challenging, stimulating perspective from an informed neuroscientist on a complex, fast-moving, hugely consequential field.”—Kirkus Reviews   “[Greenfield] is not just an engaging communicator but a thoughtful, responsible scientist, and the arguments she makes are well-supported and persuasive.”—Mail on Sunday   “Greenfield’s admirable goal to prove an empirical basis for discussion is . . . an important one.”—Financial Times   “An important presentation of an uncomfortable minority position.”—Jaron Lanier, Nature

Susan Greenfield

Mind Change

"Thinking, Fast and Slow" is an extensive introduction to the biases and inner mechanisms of the human brain.
While primarily a behavioral economics book, you will also find out about your limitations, how to more efficiently convince people, and understand why people make certain decisions despite feeling they are irrational.
All the conclusions are validated through experiments that Kahneman performed along the years.

How Humans Think

The human brain is controlled by two separate systems:
<ul>
<li>System 1 - Very fast, it works on intuition and evolves as we encounter common situations;</li>
<li>System 2 - Slower. We tend to avoid using it too much, but it is mandatory for complex problems that can't be answered by System 1, such as math problems.</li>
</ul>
You are not aware of which system is controlling the brain unless you make a conscious effort.
The following few ideas rely on this dual system distinction.

Two Systems

An answer to a number question can be influenced by previous information (even if it is completely unrelated to it). Using this strategy to influence decisions is called priming.
It acts as an anchoring effect, the human starts from the real answer he/she would give and goes up/down towards the number that was proposed (accidentally or not). This anchoring can be more or less strong (e.g. when the actual answer is 10, the suggested one is 5, and the person answers 8, it had a 20% impact).

Priming and Anchoring

<ul>
<li>Asking somebody whether he thinks an environment tax of 20% is too high or too low. If it is higher than what he/she had in mind, the answer will still be lower, but closer to 20% than it would have been before. Same for when it is higher.</li>
<li>Telling a judge how many years ago you came to the US can influence the length of the next prison sentence he gives. This is completely unrelated, but it is a number that the judge has in mind and can start from.</li>
</ul>

Examples of Priming

People tend to like or dislike everything about a person, thing, event or idea because it is easier for System 1 to work like that. Careful analysis of good and bad sides is much more mentally taxing.

Halo Effect

When answering a question, the brain tends to only focus on the available information, disregarding the one missing.For example: if you are told somebody is intelligent and strong you automatically think they are a good leader.This leads people to jump to conclusions.

All You See Is All There Is (AYSIATI)

People can associate intensity across subjects that are completely unrelated.For example: if crimes could be represented in colors, then murder would be a deeper shade than robbery.

Intensity Matching

The brain by default prefers using System 1 to answer questions. When the actual question can't be answered this way, it aims to answer a proxy question that can be.For example: When faced with the question "How much would you donate for a humanitarian cause?", the brain automatically turns it to "How much do I actually care about that cause?" and "How much money am I willing to lose donating?"

Proxy Questions

Experiments with a low sample (N) are much more likely to have extreme results than ones with a high N. Conversely, experimenting with large samples is more precise than with small samples.This can make us have a skewed view of reality by jumping to conclusions where evidence is not sufficient.

The Law of Small Numbers

Due to the halo effect and the fact that System 1 deals in averages, not sums, people tend to view things that have higher overall quality as better than ones with lower overall quality, even though the latter may be, in fact, strictly better.For example: 16 perfect-condition pieces of cutlery and 8 broken ones will be valued less than only the 16 perfect pieces, if viewed separately.

Less Is More

People change their opinion about something based on the ease that they retrieve arguments and examples for it.For example: you will think a course you're attending is better if you are asked to find 10 improvements rather than 5, because you will have a harder time finding them all.This applies in the case of news on very rare events that are suddenly an issue (e.g. terrorism, plane crashes). This leads to "Availability Cascades" where the people's emotions turn to irrational fear over insignificant risks.

Availability Bias

Success or failure are typically outliers due to luck and people/things regress to their usual performance (the mean, or the prior).For example: in a sports competition, an athlete that does much better than the rest on the first day will most likely perform worse on the following ones, because he attained the initial performance in part due to chance.Intuitively, this is how success is defined:<ul><li>success = talent + luck</li><li>great success = a little more talent + a lot of luck</li></ul>

Regression to the Mean

An easy way of making predictions by taking into account uncertainty and the natures of the 2 systems:<ul><li>Start with an estimate of the average answer;</li><li>Determine your estimate (performed by System 1);</li><li>Estimate the correlation between your evidence and the target (performed by System 2);</li><li>Use the correlation to move that many percents from the average to the estimate.</li></ul>For example: to estimate your GPA, start from the average GPA and set your expected GPA. Estimate how confident you are in your prediction. The predicted GPA will be closer to your expectation if your confidence is higher.

Intuitive Predictions

Not all domains are equal in nature. Some are more reliant on skill (e.g. surgery), while others are on luck (e.g. stock trading). People can be tricked into thinking that their success is actually based on skill despite the nature of their activity.

Skill Illusion

Experimentally speaking, intuition is less likely to come to a better conclusion than simple formulas, that are not influenced by human nature.For example: you will find more success in hiring candidates if you use a pre-determined checklist instead of relying on your interviewer sense.The importance of intuition increases based on the domain and its dependence on skill.

Intuitions vs. Formulas

When it comes to decision-making, there is a distinction between two idealized "species" of people:<ul><li>Humans - Beings with flaws and feelings, susceptible to each of the biases presented here</li><li>Econs - Beings that are always able to think rationally, unaffected by the biases presented here</li></ul>The "econ" term is the short form for "economist", as people that analyze and invest in the financial markets make every decision consciously, with a clear goal in mind.

Two Species

The degree of "utility" as perceived by people decreases gradually. $1,000 is perceived wildly different for somebody with a net worth of $10,000 vs. $1,000,000. Similarly, an increase from $1,000 to $2,000 is perceived as much better than one from $10,000 to $11,000 despite the equal increase.This is the utility theory developed by the mathematician Daniel Bernoulli.This theory is not ideal and cannot model every case. It fails in certain cases, which is why prospect theory was developed.

Utility Theory

Prospect theory is an improved version of the previous utility theory.Utility is instead based on differences from the reference point.Humans have, by default, some degree of loss aversion, so the absolute utility of a loss will be perceived as greater than one of an equal gain. A survey found that people would refuse a bet where they would gain $100 with a 50% chance and lose $100 otherwise. In fact, they would not accept until the gain is at least twice as big, depending on their degree of loss aversion.

Prospect Theory

Thus, there are 3 cognitive features in prospect theory:<ul><li>Evaluation based on a reference point</li><li>Diminishing sensitivity (borrowed from Bernoulli)</li><li>Loss aversion</li></ul>The theory does not take into account human feelings of disappointment when failing to win gambles.

Prospect Theory Summary

People become more unwilling to let go of the things or benefits they already own. They will only sell them for more than they would be willing to buy them for, even if some time ago they were indifferent to them. In short, they grow attached.

The Endowment Effect

Depending on the situation, people can be either risk averse or risk seeking. It is all about the probability of events happening and whether the end result will be positive or negative. For instance, when the chances are very much in favor and the result is positive, people are risk averse and fear the disappointment that luck won't be on their side, so they do anything to maximize their chances to 100%.The change from 0% to 1% chance (possibility) and from 99% to 100% chance (certainty) are important psychological thresholds.

The Fourfold Pattern

People tend to overestimate the probability of rare events and then overweight them in their decisions.An event is more likely to be preferred if its image is more vivid (e.g. receiving $100 in a blue envelope as opposed to only receiving $100).

Rare events

People (through System 1) are more sensitive to formulations like "12 out of 1,000" and will sometimes think it's more likely than a risk of 2%. Why? The image is more vivid and it is easier for System 1 to think in terms of individual cases as opposed to percentages.Additionally, people (again, System 1) will tend to be more sensitive to higher values of the denominator while disregarding the numerator: 100 out of 10,000 may be perceived as worse (or better, depending on the context) than 12 out of 1,000. This is called Denominator Neglect.

Statistics Put Nicely

When faced with a gamble or chance event, before declining it because of other biases (e.g. loss aversion), think not about the single instance where you win or lose, but rather about your whole life as a series of such gambles and whether the total number will lead to consistent gains. Think like a trader! This is called Broad Framing.

Risk Policies

Acting differently from the default option has the downside of bringing regret if the decision turned out to be wrong and defaulting was the best course of action.Example: you will feel better if you are injured at the convenience store you always go to, as opposed to getting injured at a new convenience store because the other one is doing renovations.

Regret

You can reach more sensible decisions when you have a broader context.In real life, judges are asked not to consult more than the case given to them and, thus, lack the broader context, leading to worse decisions regarding penalties.

Context Matters

Given all the previous information, you can guide people to a decision based on the framing of the problem.Take loss aversion into account - try to disguise the decision as a win (or loss if you prefer them not to take it).Think about the reference point and exercise thought of different ones (e.g. imagine you did not own X).

Focus On Framing

Think about the different mental accounts that are not, in fact, separate (e.g. gains on stocks vs. crypto) and imagine they were merged.Make the default option the one you want and the differences will be huge. For instance, in the case of governmental systems, the percentage of the population that donates organs on death is largely dependent on whether the citizen needs to submit a request to donate or to not donate on death. In 2003 this percentage was close to 100% for Austria and 12% for Germany. The difference lies in what the default option was.

Finally, along with the two systems and the two species, humans also have two selves:<ul><li>Experiencing Self - the self that experiences things in the moment;</li><li>Remembering Self - the self that remembers experiences, remembers them, assigns a rating, and likes creating stories.</li></ul>

Two Selves

The remembering self leverages System 1 and, when it comes to experiences, it cares about:<ul><li>The peak intensity (be it negative or positive);</li><li>The way they end;</li><li>To some extent, the average experience but not the duration, because System 1 deals with averages, not sums. This is called Duration Neglect.</li></ul>

Remembering Self

People can be determined to consider a strictly worse experience as better than another based on the impression of the remembering self.Example: in an experiment, people had their hands in very cold water for 60 seconds, then in cold water for 60 seconds and 30 seconds in slightly warmer water. When asked which experience they would rather repeat, most people chose the second option despite it being strictly worse.

Illusion of the Memory

The previous result makes sense because people tend to answer harder questions like "Which would you rather repeat?" with easier questions like "Which did you like more?"This way they can be convinced to repeat a worse experience just because it ended slightly better or had a lower peak intensity even though it took much longer. This is also why people would rather go through a long and painful surgery than an extremely painful surgery that takes a few seconds.

The neglect of experiencing self and the appeal of remembering self (even though both selves constitute us) leads people to like stories more than anything else.This is why we tend to ignore details that do not fit our view of the story, whatever it is: relationship, career, trips, etc.

Story Appeal

Predicting the future from current circumstances, heavily influenced by emotion (e.g. how your marriage will go based on your wedding day) is not ideal.

Affective Forecasting

Because of AYSIATI, people will attribute larger weight to things they are thinking about the moment.

Focusing Illusion

Nothing in life is as important as you think it is when you are thinking about it

People will regress to the mean and the happiness they experience will always turn back to an average value. For most of us, this average value is 7 on a scale from 1 to 10.

Daily Happiness

Lessons in Decision-Making from Nobel Laureate Daniel Kahneman

books

Books

problemsolving

Problem Solving

personaldevelopment

Personal Development

The Art of Decision-Making

Major New York Times bestseller Winner of the National Academy of Sciences Best Book Award in 2012 Selected by the New York Times Book Review as one of the ten best books of 2011 A Globe and Mail Best Books of the Year 2011 Title One of The Economist's 2011 Books of the Year One of The Wall Street Journal's Best Nonfiction Books of the Year 2011 2013 Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient Kahneman's work with Amos Tversky is the subject of Michael Lewis's The Undoing Project: A Friendship That Changed Our Minds In the international bestseller, Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman, the renowned psychologist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, takes us on a groundbreaking tour of the mind and explains the two systems that drive the way we think. System 1 is fast, intuitive, and emotional; System 2 is slower, more deliberative, and more logical. The impact of overconfidence on corporate strategies, the difficulties of predicting what will make us happy in the future, the profound effect of cognitive biases on everything from playing the stock market to planning our next vacation—each of these can be understood only by knowing how the two systems shape our judgments and decisions. Engaging the reader in a lively conversation about how we think, Kahneman reveals where we can and cannot trust our intuitions and how we can tap into the benefits of slow thinking. He offers practical and enlightening insights into how choices are made in both our business and our personal lives—and how we can use different techniques to guard against the mental glitches that often get us into trouble. Winner of the National Academy of Sciences Best Book Award and the Los Angeles Times Book Prize and selected by The New York Times Book Review as one of the ten best books of 2011, Thinking, Fast and Slow is destined to be a classic.

Discover the world of business and economics.

economics

Economics

Major New York Times bestseller Winner of the National Academy of Sciences Best Book Award in 2012 Selected by the New York Times Book Review as one of the ten best books of 2011 A Globe and Mail Best Books of the Year 2011 Title One of The Economist's 2011 Books of the Year One of The Wall Street Journal's Best Nonfiction Books of the Year 2011 2013 Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient Kahneman's work with Amos Tversky is the subject of Michael Lewis's The Undoing Project: A Friendship That Changed Our Minds In his mega bestseller, Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman, the renowned psychologist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, takes us on a groundbreaking tour of the mind and explains the two systems that drive the way we think. System 1 is fast, intuitive, and emotional; System 2 is slower, more deliberative, and more logical. The impact of overconfidence on corporate strategies, the difficulties of predicting what will make us happy in the future, the profound effect of cognitive biases on everything from playing the stock market to planning our next vacation—each of these can be understood only by knowing how the two systems shape our judgments and decisions. Engaging the reader in a lively conversation about how we think, Kahneman reveals where we can and cannot trust our intuitions and how we can tap into the benefits of slow thinking. He offers practical and enlightening insights into how choices are made in both our business and our personal lives—and how we can use different techniques to guard against the mental glitches that often get us into trouble. Winner of the National Academy of Sciences Best Book Award and the Los Angeles Times Book Prize and selected by The New York Times Book Review as one of the ten best books of 2011, Thinking, Fast and Slow is destined to be a classic.

Daniel Kahneman (born 5 March 1934) is an Israeli-American psychologist and winner of the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, notable for his work on behavioral finance and hedonic psychology.With Amos Tversky and others, Kahneman established a cognitive basis for common human errors using heuristics and biases (Kahneman & Tversky, 1973, Kahneman, Slovic & Tversky, 1982), and developed Prospect theory (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979). He was awarded the 2002 Nobel Prize in Economics for his work in Prospect theory. Currently, he is professor emeritus of psychology at Princeton University's Department of Psychology.

Daniel Kahneman

Thinking, Fast and Slow

<ul><li>Sir C.V Raman is best known for his work in the field of light scattering.</li><li> He discovered that when light traverses a transparent material, some of the deflected light changes in wavelength, for which he received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930.</li><li>He was the first Asian and the first non-white person to receive any Nobel Prize in the sciences.</li></ul>

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (FRS)

<ul><li>Dr.Homi J.Bhabha was an Indian physicist who is often considered the father of <a href="https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/indian-nuclear-program">t</a>he Indian Nuclear Program.</li><li>Bhabha wrote to Prime Minister arguing that “within the next couple of decades, atomic energy would play an important part in the economy and the industry of countries ”</li><li>Bhabha founded a nuclear research center at Trombay which was later renamed the BARC</li><li>Central Intelligence Agency  was involved in order to paralyse India's nuclear program,the CIA was responsible for assassinating Homi Bhabha</li></ul>

Dr.Homi Jehangir Bhabha (FRS)

<ul><li>Dr. Vikram Sarabhai is well known as a founder of ISRO and involved in some major institution building efforts in India like the  Indian Institute of Management, Ahmadabad.</li><li>He conducted India's first space program</li><li>Dr Sarabhai started a project that would lead to the building of India’s first artificial satellite orbiting Earth. Launched in July 1976 named Aryabhata.</li><li>Chandrayaan 2 lander is named after Dr. Vikram Sarabhai</li></ul>

Dr. Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai

<ul><li>Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam was an Indian aerospace scientist who served as the 11th President of India</li><li>He was also there in India's first space program</li><li>He is known as the missile man of India</li><li>Kalam sir is one of the most respectable person in India.He was honored with India's the highest civilian Award "Bharat Ratna"</li><li>Everyone is India respects him and he is one of the most favorite scientist in India</li></ul>

Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam

<ul><li>Ramanujan  was an Indian mathematician though he had almost no formal training in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_mathematics">pure m</a>athematics but he made substantial contributions to mathematics</li><li>Ramanujan was fascinated with numbers and made striking contributions to a branch of mathematics  .</li><li>1729, the Hardy-Ramanujan Number, is the smallest number which can be expressed as the sum of two different cubes in two different ways</li><li>December 22 is celebrated as National Mathematics Day in India in honour of mathematical genius Srinivasa Ramanujan</li></ul>

Srinivasa Ramanujan (FRS)

<ul><li>Har Gobind Khorana was an Indian American biochemist</li><li>He got the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology for research in interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis</li><li>He also proved that the nucleotide code is always transmitted to the cell in groups of three, called codons</li><li>Khorana is also known for the discovery of visual pigment called rhodopsin.</li></ul>

Har Gobind Khorana

<ul><li>Satyendra Nath Bose was an Indian mathematician and physicist specialising in theoretical physics. </li><li>He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, collaborating with Albert Einstein in developing the foundation for Bose–Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate</li><li>The 5th State of matter is called the "Bose-Einstein condensate"</li></ul>

Satyendra Nath Bose (FRS)

National Science Day is celebrated in India on 28 February each year to mark the discovery of the Raman effect by Indian physicist Sir C. V. Raman on 28 February 1928. For his discovery, Sir C.V. Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 "Treat me right and you will see the light…Treat me wrong and you will be gone!!"Happy Science Day!!!

These scientists helped India to grow better in Science and technology than other countries.

motivationandinspiration

Motivation & Inspiration

Great Indian Scientists

The truth may be puzzling. It may take some work to grapple with. It may be counterintuitive. It may contradict deeply held prejudices. It may not be consonant with what we desperately want to be true. But our preferences do not determine what's true

philosophy

Philosophy

religionandspirituality

Religion & Spirituality

Carl Sagan - Wikiquote

Basic research is what I am doing when I don't know what I am doing.

The dinosaurs became extinct because they didn't have a space program.

Even if you think the Big Bang created the stars, don't you wonder who sent the flowers?

Science has proof without any certainty. Creationists have certainty without any proof.

If an ancient man saw planes two thousand years ago, he would’ve thought they were birds or angels from another world.

If I could remember the names of all these tiny particles, I'd be a botanist.

Here are some fun short science quotes everyone should know about......

creativity

Creativity

Best Funny Science Quotes

Across the many “Top Technologies for 2020” lists compiled by the leading research firms around the world, a recurring pattern emerges.As we bear witness to the Digital Transformation of our world and cross the threshold into the Web 3.0 era, we face some extraordinary choices with serious and wide-ranging implications. Our technologies, from the first use of fire to the future of facial recognition, appear to be neutral by their very nature. Their appearance obscures their innate potential to magnify both the best and worst of human desires.

The Web 3.0 Era

The emergence of smart cities and factories, autonomous cars and homes, smart appliances and virtual reality worlds, automated shopping, and digitized personal medicine are transforming the way we live, play, work, travel, and shop. All across the planet, our technologies are breaking out from behind the screen and into the physical world around us. Simultaneously, the people, places, and things in our world are being digitized and brought into the virtual world, becoming part of the digital domain. We are digitizing the physical and “physicalizing” the digital.

The Boundaries Of Virtual And Real Are Dissolving

The investments and acquisitions that the largest tech companies have made over the last decade in Artificial Intelligence, Augmented and Virtual Reality, Internet of Things including smart cars, drones, robotics, and biometric wearables as well as Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, 5G Networks, 3D printing, Synthetic Biology, Edge, Mesh, Fog Computing, are being woven into the fabric of our global civilization, under our feet, above our heads, and all around us.

Progress In The Last Decade

These computing technologies coming of age in the 21st century are often referred to as “exponential” — true to Moore’s Law, about every 18 months their capabilities and performance powers double for the same cost.This is a common effect of computing technologies, known as “Moore’s Law” for the co-founder of Intel, Gordon Moore.

The Moore's Law

Metcalfe’s Law states that the total value of a network is determined by the number of other users connected to the network. The more users that an individual user can reach through a network, the more valuable the network becomes, even when the features and price of service remain the same. Metcalfe’s Law is about network scale.

Metcalfe’s Law Of Network Scale

An upgraded smartphone on a faster network enables more engagement, content consumption, and sharing, which drives other users to participate. Web 2.0 has driven the adoption from 1 billion Internet users in 2005 to nearly 4 billion in 2019.3.9 billion people use mobile phones to access the Web, and 2.5 billion of those use smartphones. 3.4 billion are on social networks, 3.2 billion of whom use their mobile phones to access social networks. Better hardware, faster networks, more users.Exponential compute power + Exponential network connections = Exponential Value

Better Phone, Better Network, More Users

It will soon become technologically and economically worthwhile to computerize complex things like cars, cities, and humans, but ultimately, we will computerize increasingly smaller things like jewellery, clothing, buttons, and even our very cells.And because value is best accumulated by combining many networks into a single network as the existing Internet has done, this new network of people, places, and things, rules, and value create the Internet of Everything in the Web 3.0 era because it grants the ability to computerize and connect everything.

The IoT(Internet Of Things)

What happens when we integrate the physical, digital, and biological domains together? A new multidimensional web emerges — The Spatial Web.Facilitated by new network protocols, the Convergence could lead to the creation of a new web that connects physical places together with virtual places. It could enable an open and interoperable new generation of the web — a Web 3.0 era that secures the privacy and property rights of individuals while ensuring secure and trustworthy interactions and transactions between the human, machine, and virtual economies.

The Convergence

The Spatial Web weaves together all of the digital and physical strands of our future world into the fabric of a new universe where next-gen computing technologies generate a unified reality; where our digital and physical lives become one.This is a new kind of network, not one of the interconnected computers like the original Internet or a network of interlinked pages, text, and media like the World Wide Web, but rather a “living network” made up of the interconnections between people, places, and things, their virtual counterparts, and the interactions, transactions and transportations.

The Spatial Web 

Today, we can’t share knowledge all that effectively because we cannot share our mental models and maps of the world directly between different brains. We can’t copy/paste ideas and concepts between ourselves, much less create, edit, or share them with AI, or IoT devices.Using Distributed Ledger technologies like Blockchain could enable us to reliably verify factual data about the world while enabling the freedom to collaboratively explore, edit, mashup, and remix reality.

Going Beyond The Limitations Of Today

The power of the Spatial Web initially comes from its ability to describe the world in the language that the world speaks to us in — geometry. The Spatial Web lets us use a digitally-mediated universal language in which all information can become spatial. It enables the current information on the web to be placed spatially and contextually on objects and at locations, where we can interact with information in the most natural and intuitive ways, by merely looking, speaking, gesturing, or even thinking.

The Language Of Geometry

The Spatial Web has the potential to move us from predominantly egocentric and ethnocentric concerns to more world-centric ones that are more holistic, equitable, and inclusive. Today’s web protocols are obsolete as they were designed for interconnecting pages on computers, not people, places, and things in the real world. These protocols were designed for sharing information, not for managing and coordinating the activities of humans, machines and AI or engaging in real-time global trade and commerce.

From Egocentric To World-centric

In Web 3.0, we will not only create a “Digital Twin” or soft copy of our world and everything in it, but a Smart Twin of everything, with its own unique ID, interaction rules, and verifiable history capable of being linked and synced to its physical counterpart, spatially. Like a Wikipedia for anything, making all the world searchable, allowing for any object, person, process, and system to be updated, quantified, optimized and shared — if you have the right permissions to do so. The applications are endless and the implications, both positive and negative — are practically indescribable.

The World Replicated In Code

Given the historical importance and exponential power ascribed to Convergence technologies, a comprehensive vision is required that describes how these technologies will be best aligned with our core human values and what the implications will be if they are not. Piecemeal descriptions and industry-centric narratives do not provide the holistic vantage point from which we must consider how best to make the critically important decisions regarding matters of privacy, security, interoperability, and trust in an age where powerful computing will literally surround us.

This Gets Bigger And Bigger

If we fail to make the right societal decisions now, as we are laying the digital infrastructure for the 21st century, a dystopic “Black Mirror” version of our future could become our everyday reality. A technological “lock-in” could occur, where dysfunctional and/or proprietary technologies become permanently embedded into the infrastructure of our global systems leaving us powerless to alter the course of their direction or ferocity of their speed.

Black Mirror Is Coming To The Real World

Thankfully, there is also a “white mirror” version of Web 3.0, a positive future not well described in our sci-fi stories. It’s the one where we intentionally and consciously harness the power of the Convergence and align it with our collective goals, values, and greatest ambitions as a species. In the “white mirror” version, we have the opportunity to use these technologies to assist us in working together more effectively to improve our ecologies, economies, and governance models, and leave the world better than the one we entered.

Let There Be 'White Mirror'

Web 3.0 is bigger than Blockchain and NFTs. Let us find out how the next phase of the internet unfolds.

crypto

Cryptocurrency

softwareengineering

Software Engineering

moneyandinvestments

Money & Investments

Introduction to Web 3.0

The Spatial Web is the multidimensional version of the internet that is now a reality.

As we bear witness to the Digital Transformation of our world and cross the threshold into the Web 3.0 era, we face some extraordinary choices with serious and wide-ranging implications. Our…

An Introduction to The Spatial Web

Find 100+ Facts about Science - Curated by others from trusted sources like Books, Podcasts & Articles - Genuine Insights from like-minded Users like You!

Mind Change

Thinking, Fast and Slow

Great Indian Scientists

Carl Sagan - Wikiquote

Best Funny Science Quotes

An Introduction to The Spatial Web

Renewables are cheaper than ever – so why are household energy bills only going up?

Wormhole - Wikipedia

Here’s How We Helped Our Dog Shed Some Pounds & Get Moving - The Daily Report

Technology Trends for 2022

It's time to
Read like a Pro.

Mind Change

Thinking, Fast and Slow

Great Indian Scientists

Carl Sagan - Wikiquote

Best Funny Science Quotes

An Introduction to The Spatial Web

Renewables are cheaper than ever – so why are household energy bills only going up?

Wormhole - Wikipedia

Here’s How We Helped Our Dog Shed Some Pounds & Get Moving - The Daily Report

Technology Trends for 2022

It's time to Read like a Pro.

It's time to
Read like a Pro.