Vera Rubin is responsible for discovering dark matter, which makes up 84% of the material that exists in the universe. Her approach to problem-solving and innovation holds many lessons for us today.Visual thinking: Use various strategies to represent complicated problems or projects visually.

Visual Thinking

Vera Rubin's thinking strategies include:<ul><li>Practising visual thinking.</li><li>Trusting the evidence.</li><li>Seeing the bigger picture.</li><li>Focus on creating the most useful visuals.</li><li>Follow the evidence.</li><li>Look for factual information.</li><li>Analyze data from different perspectives.</li><li>Step up for others.</li></ul>

How to Think Like Vera Rubin

Vera Rubin was a powerhouse in astrophysics, though she rarely gets the credit she deserves. Rubin is responsible for discovering dark matter, which makes up 84% of the material that exists in the universe.

philosophy

Philosophy

motivationandinspiration

Motivation & Inspiration

problemsolving

Problem Solving

creativity

Creativity

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

Vera Rubin: The power of evidence-based visual thinking

For anyone interested in working on your rethinking skills, here are the top 30 practical takeaways from the book - Think again by Adam Grant

A. Develop the Habit of Thinking Again1. Think like a scientist. When you start forming an opinion, resist the temptation to preach, prosecute, or politick. Treat your emerging view as a hunch or a hypothesis and test it with data.

I. INDIVIDUAL RETHINKING

2. Define your identity in terms of values, not opinions. It’s easier to avoid getting stuck to your past beliefs if you don’t become attached to them as part of your present self-concept. See yourself as someone who values curiosity, learning, mental flexibility, and searching for knowledge. As you form opinions, keep a list of factors that would change your mind.

3. Seek out information that goes against your views. You can fight confirmation bias, burst filter bubbles, and escape echo chambers by actively engaging with ideas that challenge your assumptions. An easy place to start is to follow people who make you think—even if you usually disagree with what they think.

B. Calibrate Your Confidence4. Beware of getting stranded at the summit of Mount Stupid. Don’t confuse confidence with competence. The Dunning-Kruger effect is a good reminder that the better you think you are, the greater the risk that you’re overestimating yourself—and the greater the odds that you’ll stop improving. To prevent overconfidence in your knowledge, reflect on how well you can explain a given subject

5. Harness the benefits of doubt. When you find yourself doubting your ability, reframe the situation as an opportunity for growth. You can have confidence in your capacity to learn while questioning your current solution to a problem. Knowing what you don’t know is often the first step toward developing expertise.

6. Embrace the joy of being wrong. When you find out you’ve made a mistake, take it as a sign that you’ve just discovered something new. Don’t be afraid to laugh at yourself. It helps you focus less on proving yourself—and more on improving yourself.

C. Invite Others to Question Your Thinking7. Learn something new from each person you meet. Everyone knows more than you about something. Ask people what they’ve been rethinking lately, or start a conversation about times you’ve changed your mind in the past year.

8. Build a challenge network, not just a support network. It’s helpful to have cheerleaders encouraging you, but you also need critics to challenge you. Who are your most thoughtful critics? Once you’ve identified them, invite them to question your thinking. To make sure they know you’re open to dissenting views, tell them why you respect their pushback—and where they usually add the most value.

9. Don’t shy away from constructive conflict. Disagreements don’t have to be disagreeable. Although relationship conflict is usually counterproductive, task conflict can help you think again. Try framing disagreement as a debate: people are more likely to approach it intellectually and less likely to take it personally.

A. Ask Better Questions10. Practice the art of persuasive listening. When we’re trying to open other people’s minds, we can frequently accomplish more by listening than by talking. How can you show an interest in helping people crystallize their own views and uncover their own reasons for change? A good way to start is to increase your question-to-statement ratio.

II. INTERPERSONAL RETHINKING

11. Question how rather than why. When people describe why they hold extreme views, they often intensify their commitment and double down. When they try to explain how they would make their views a reality, they often realize the limits of their understanding and start to temper some of their opinions.

12. Ask “What evidence would change your mind?” You can’t bully someone into agreeing with you. It’s often more effective to inquire about what would open their minds, and then see if you can convince them on their own terms.

13. Ask how people originally formed an opinion. Many of our opinions, like our stereotypes, are arbitrary; we’ve developed them without rigorous data or deep reflection. To help people reevaluate, prompt them to consider how they’d believe different things if they’d been born at a different time or in a different place.

B. Approach Disagreements as Dances, Not Battles14. Acknowledge common ground. A debate is like a dance, not a war. Admitting points of convergence doesn’t make you weaker—it shows that you’re willing to negotiate about what’s true, and it motivates the other side to consider your point of view.

15. Remember that less is often more. If you pile on too many different reasons to support your case, it can make your audiences defensive—and cause them to reject your entire argument based on its least compelling points. Instead of diluting your argument, lead with a few of your strongest points.

16. Reinforce freedom of choice. Sometimes people resist not because they’re dismissing the argument but because they’re rejecting the feeling of their behavior being controlled. It helps to respect their autonomy by reminding them that it’s up to them to choose what they believe.

17. Have a conversation about the conversation. If emotions are running hot, try redirecting the discussion to the process. Like the expert negotiators who comment on their feelings and test their understanding of the other side’s feelings, you can sometimes make progress by expressing your disappointment or frustration and asking people if they share it.

A. Have More Nuanced Conversations18. Complexify contentious topics. There are more than two sides to every story. Instead of treating polarizing issues like two sides of a coin, look at them through the many lenses of a prism. Seeing the shades of gray can make us more open.

III. COLLECTIVE RETHINKING

19. Don’t shy away from caveats and contingencies. Acknowledging competing claims and conflicting results doesn’t sacrifice interest or credibility. It’s an effective way to engage audiences while encouraging them to stay curious.

20. Expand your emotional range. You don’t have to eliminate frustration or even indignation to have a productive conversation. You just need to mix in a broader set of emotions along with them—you might try showing some curiosity or even admitting confusion or ambivalence.

B. Teach Kids to Think Again21. Have a weekly myth-busting discussion at dinner. It’s easier to debunk false beliefs at an early age, and it’s a great way to teach kids to become comfortable with rethinking. Pick a different topic each week—one day it might be dinosaurs, the next it could be outer space—and rotate responsibility around the family for bringing a myth for discussion.

22. Invite kids to do multiple drafts and seek feedback from others. Creating different versions of a drawing or a story can encourage kids to learn the value of revising their ideas. Getting input from others can also help them to continue evolving their standards. They might learn to embrace confusion—and to stop expecting perfection on the first try.

23. Stop asking kids what they want to be when they grow up. They don’t have to define themselves in terms of a career. A single identity can close the door to alternatives. Instead of trying to narrow their options, help them broaden their possibilities. They don’t have to be one thing—they can do many things.

24. Abandon best practices. Best practices suggest that the ideal routines are already in place. If we want people to keep rethinking the way they work, we might be better off adopting process accountability and continually striving for better practices.

25. Establish psychological safety. In learning cultures, people feel confident that they can question and challenge the status quo without being punished. Psychological safety often starts with leaders role-modeling humility.

26. Keep a rethinking scorecard. Don’t evaluate decisions based only on the results; track how thoroughly different options are considered in the process. A bad process with a good outcome is luck. A good process with a bad outcome might be a smart experiment.

D. Stay Open to Rethinking Your Future27. Throw out the ten-year plan. What interested you last year might bore you this year—and what confused you yesterday might become exciting tomorrow. Passions are developed, not just discovered. Planning just one step ahead can keep you open to rethinking.

28. Rethink your actions, not just your surroundings. Chasing happiness can chase it away. Trading one set of circumstances for another isn’t always enough. Joy can wax and wane, but meaning is more likely to last. Building a sense of purpose often starts with taking actions to enhance your learning or your contribution to others.

29. Schedule a life checkup. It’s easy to get caught in escalation of commitment to an unfulfilling path. Just as you schedule health checkups with your doctor, it’s worth having a life checkup on your calendar once or twice a year. It’s a way to assess how much you’re learning, how your beliefs and goals are evolving, and whether your next steps warrant some rethinking.

30. Make time to think again. When I looked at my calendar, I noticed that it was mostly full of doing. I set a goal of spending an hour a day thinking and learning. Now I’ve decided to go further: I’m scheduling a weekly time for rethinking and unlearning. I reach out to my challenge network and ask what ideas and opinions they think I should be reconsidering. Recently, my wife, Allison, told me that I need to rethink the way I pronounce the word mayonnaise.

This special book examines the critical art of rethinking: learning to question your opinions and open other people’s minds, which can position you for excellence at work and wisdom in life. Awesome read!

#1 New York Times Bestseller “THIS. This is the right book for right now. Yes, learning requires focus. But, unlearning and relearning requires much more—it requires choosing courage over comfort. In Think Again, Adam Grant weaves together research and storytelling to help us build the intellectual and emotional muscle we need to stay curious enough about the world to actually change it. I’ve never felt so hopeful about what I don’t know.” —Brené Brown, Ph.D., #1 New York Times bestselling author of Dare to Lead The bestselling author of Give and Take and Originals examines the critical art of rethinking: learning to question your opinions and open other people's minds, which can position you for excellence at work and wisdom in life Intelligence is usually seen as the ability to think and learn, but in a rapidly changing world, there's another set of cognitive skills that might matter more: the ability to rethink and unlearn. In our daily lives, too many of us favor the comfort of conviction over the discomfort of doubt. We listen to opinions that make us feel good, instead of ideas that make us think hard. We see disagreement as a threat to our egos, rather than an opportunity to learn. We surround ourselves with people who agree with our conclusions, when we should be gravitating toward those who challenge our thought process. The result is that our beliefs get brittle long before our bones. We think too much like preachers defending our sacred beliefs, prosecutors proving the other side wrong, and politicians campaigning for approval--and too little like scientists searching for truth. Intelligence is no cure, and it can even be a curse: being good at thinking can make us worse at rethinking. The brighter we are, the blinder to our own limitations we can become. Organizational psychologist Adam Grant is an expert on opening other people's minds--and our own. As Wharton's top-rated professor and the bestselling author of Originals and Give and Take, he makes it one of his guiding principles to argue like he's right but listen like he's wrong. With bold ideas and rigorous evidence, he investigates how we can embrace the joy of being wrong, bring nuance to charged conversations, and build schools, workplaces, and communities of lifelong learners. You'll learn how an international debate champion wins arguments, a Black musician persuades white supremacists to abandon hate, a vaccine whisperer convinces concerned parents to immunize their children, and Adam has coaxed Yankees fans to root for the Red Sox. Think Again reveals that we don't have to believe everything we think or internalize everything we feel. It's an invitation to let go of views that are no longer serving us well and prize mental flexibility over foolish consistency. If knowledge is power, knowing what we don't know is wisdom.

personaldevelopment

Personal Development

books

Books

#1 New York Times Bestseller “THIS. This is the right book for right now. Yes, learning requires focus. But, unlearning and relearning requires much more—it requires choosing courage over comfort. In Think Again, Adam Grant weaves together research and storytelling to help us build the intellectual and emotional muscle we need to stay curious enough about the world to actually change it. I’ve never felt so hopeful about what I don’t know.” —Brené Brown, Ph.D., #1 New York Times bestselling author of Dare to Lead The bestselling author of Give and Take and Originals examines the critical art of rethinking: learning to question your opinions and open other people's minds, which can position you for excellence at work and wisdom in life Intelligence is usually seen as the ability to think and learn, but in a rapidly changing world, there's another set of cognitive skills that might matter more: the ability to rethink and unlearn. In our daily lives, too many of us favor the comfort of conviction over the discomfort of doubt. We listen to opinions that make us feel good, instead of ideas that make us think hard. We see disagreement as a threat to our egos, rather than an opportunity to learn. We surround ourselves with people who agree with our conclusions, when we should be gravitating toward those who challenge our thought process. The result is that our beliefs get brittle long before our bones. We think too much like preachers defending our sacred beliefs, prosecutors proving the other side wrong, and politicians campaigning for approval--and too little like scientists searching for truth. Intelligence is no cure, and it can even be a curse: being good at thinking can make us worse at rethinking. The brighter we are, the blinder to our own limitations we can become. Organizational psychologist Adam Grant is an expert on opening other people's minds--and our own. As Wharton's top-rated professor and the bestselling author of Originals and Give and Take, he makes it one of his guiding principles to argue like he's right but listen like he's wrong. With bold ideas and rigorous evidence, he investigates how we can embrace the joy of being wrong, bring nuance to charged conversations, and build schools, workplaces, and communities of lifelong learners. You'll learn how an international debate champion wins arguments, a Black musician persuades white supremacists to abandon hate, a vaccine whisperer convinces concerned parents to immunize their children, and Adam has coaxed Yankees fans to root for the Red Sox. Think Again reveals that we don't have to believe everything we think or internalize everything we feel. It's an invitation to let go of views that are no longer serving us well and prize mental flexibility over foolish consistency. If knowledge is power, knowing what we don't know is wisdom.

Adam Grant is an accomplished writer whose work has resonated with readers around the world. Adam Grant has published several books that explore a range of topics, from fiction to nonfiction, and has received critical acclaim for the ability to weave compelling narratives. Adam Grant's writing style is known for its depth and authenticity, and has earned quite a loyal following of readers.

Adam Grant

Think Again

With help from Google's charitable arm, Google.org, a new carbon calculator was just rolled out by the Stockholm, Sweden-based Normative for small businesses to use. Normative provides carbon accounting software.The calculator is available at no cost thanks to the SME Climate Hub, which is a joint nonprofit initiative that helps small and medium-sized businesses reach their climate goals. Small businesses can identify and keep track of emissions with the calculator, a tool that will guide them in how they can take action that can reduce energy waste, increase efficiency and lower cost.

Free Carbon Calculators

Against such a monumental problem there doesn't seem much that small businesses can do, but solutions are going to have to come from everywhere. Small businesses are a large part of the economy and can play a big role in helping to achieve this goal and in the process help us shift to a prosperous low-carbon future. We've seen a wave of net-zero commitments from companies large and small, but we really need companies to translate these commitments and pledges into action

Climate Risk and Small Businesses

Slashing emissions rates will help Mother Earth, but businesses might also stumble upon some appealing incentives as they go green.


business

Business

There's Value in Calculating Your Carbon Footprint

<ul><li>It's difficult to study inner voices because people have what he calls "presuppositions" about what's going on in their minds.</li><li>Respondents will typically describe what they think researchers want to hear rather than their genuine thoughts.</li><li>People can learn to pay closer attention if they pay close attention.</li></ul>

Investigating Inner Speech

<ul><li>There is a huge amount of variation from person to person. Some people hear inner voices that may sound like recordings while others describe it as much more vague and fuzzy.</li><li>Research from Hurlburt and other scientists has indicated that some people do not hear inner speech at all, or not according to their definition of it.</li></ul>

Not All Minds Speak Alike

Our minds not only have soundtracks, but they also offer video entertainment by way of mental images.Those who can’t form mental images experience aphantasia, a term coined in 2015 by researchers who first identified the condition. It’s thought to affect between 2-5% of the population and affect about 1-2% of people with an inner voice.

The Mind as a Streaming Service

Most people experience conversations and see images in their minds, though the mechanics have proven difficult to nail down.

mindfulness

Mindfulness

mentalhealth

Mental Health

Scientists Aren't Sure How the Inner Voice Works

It usually means a Celestial body that revolves around a Planet, which is a body that revolves around a star<ol><li>Makes sense, but our Moon doesn't need to have the name 'Moon' right, as you may think.</li><li>Yea it has a unique Unpopular name</li></ol>

What Does Moon Even Mean

In short, Our Moon's name is Luna<ul><li>Yea seems familiar?</li><li>Remember Lunar Eclipse? That name comes from Luna, our Moon's name</li><li>Surprisingly it's too unpopular, and we know it as Moon </li></ul>

So What's Our Moon's Name?

What is Our Moon's Name

These are powerful solar eruptions that produce high amounts of cosmic rays in Earth's upper atmosphere, which in turn produce carbon-14, a radioactive isotope of carbon.The Carrington Event of 1859 is the largest recorded account of a geomagnetic storm, but it is not an isolated event. Recordings of these storms date back to the early 19th century, and an even more massive event is known as the Miyake Event, which occurred around A.D. 774.

Geomagnetic storms

Today, a geomagnetic storm of the same intensity as the Carrington Event would affect far more than telegraph wires and could be catastrophic.With the ever-growing dependency on electricity and emerging technology, any disruption could lead to trillions of dollars of monetary loss and risk to a life dependent on the systems.

Knocking out power

In the case of a solar storm, communications would be disrupted on a worldwide scale. <ul><li>Internet service providers could go down, which in turn would take out the ability of different systems to communicate with each other.</li><li>Satellites in orbit around Earth could be damaged by induced currents from the geomagnetic storm burning out their circuit boards. This would lead to disruptions in satellite-based telephone, internet, radio and television.</li></ul>

Breaking connections

It's important to work now to minimize the disruptions from the next Carrington Event. It's important to continue researching ways to protect electrical systems against the effects of geomagnetic storms, installing devices that can shield vulnerable equipment like transformers, and developing strategies for adjusting grid loads when solar storms are about to hit.

Just a matter of time

With the ever-growing dependency on electricity and technology, any disruption could put people at risk and lead to trillions of dollars of monetary loss.


technologyandthefuture

Technology & The Future

How a solar storm could knock out the power grid and the internet

When you exercise, your blood chemistry changes and your brain becomes the very happy recipient of important nutrients. It repays the favour by amping up its performance – specifically memory, attention, information processing and problem-solving.

1. Get your heart pumping.

Cramming doesn’t work, which is one of the great pities – life would be so much easier if it did. The problem with cramming is that the material doesn’t get the opportunity to transfer into long-term memory.

2. Spread your study. Yep. You got it. No cramming.  

Researchers have found that looking through an exam before working on it will reduce anxiety and improve performance. Remember though, that all the mental resources in the world won’t find the right answers in memory if the answers aren’t put there solidly in the first place.

3. Know what’s to come.

Learning material to teach ensures that material is actively understood and stored away in memory, and not passively looked over.

4. Teach what you’ve learnt. 

Testing yourself on the material you’ve learned is more effective than reading the material over and over. Re-reading material might get you thinking that you’re familiar with the material, but until you try to retrieve that material from memory, you won’t know how well you know it or where the gaps in your knowledge are.

5. Test yourself.

Sleeping after learning encourages memories of the information to be wired into your brain, so it’s less likely to fade. Think of your brain like a tree. Learning causes a branch to grow, but sleep helps it to grow the leaves and other tiny branches that will sustain and strengthen it.

6. Get some sleep.

All-nighters will mess with your ability to remember and process information. Sleep prepares your brain for learning, so pulling an all-nighter can cut your capacity to learn new things by up to 40%.

7. And ditch the all-nighters.

Research has found that the greatest improvement come following 15 minutes of moderate activity (jogging, a brisk walk, dribbling a ball) but the improvement was also shown following vigorous activity (running, jumping, skipping) or a passive break (such as listening to music or watching funny YouTube clips – because for sure that’s why they were invented).

8. Take a break.

Before a test, find somewhere private (or, totally public – up to you) and strike a power pose. Think Wonder Woman – hands on hips, legs apart; Superman – tall, shoulders back, chest expanded, arms stretched out in front of you.

9. Power pose.

The art of reading and studying consists in remembering the essentials and forgetting what is not essential.

Here’s how to study smarter, supercharge your learning and store the information away in your head so it’s ready to jump into your arms when you need it. 

health

Health

9 Scientifically Proven Ways to Get the Most Out of Study Time - Hey Sigmund

We have totally disconnected ourselves from the nature, even though we know it very well that humans need nature. We continue to destroy it and use it for our good, like making industrial areas instead of growing trees. And we are not even leaving animals we keep killing them for leather or for any other uses.

Nature

Fresh water: There is no physical substance human being can replace it with water. Yet we don't presure it. Water is the most important thing in the survival in this world everyone in this world need water to survive. Water is being wasted, kids while using tap water forget to close it, not only kids even parents don't close it when it is not in need. Because of these foolish acts we are losing fresh water drastically

Water

Pollination: Imagine trying to pollinate every apple blossom in an orchard: this is what nature does for us. Insects, birds, and even some mammals, pollinate the world’s plants, including much of human agriculture. Around 80% of the world’s plants require a different species to act as pollinator.

Pollination

Seed dispersal: Much like pollination, many of the world’s plants require other species to move their seeds from the parent plant to new sprouting ground. Seeds are dispersed by an incredibly wide-variety of players: birds, bats, rodents, megafauna like elephants and tapir, and even, researchers have recently discovered, fish. Seed dispersal is especially important for tropical forests where a majority of plants depend on animals to move.

Seed Dispersal

Medicine: Nature is our greatest medicine cabinet: to date it has provided humankind with a multitude of life-saving medicines from quinine to aspirin, and from morphine to numerous cancer and HIV-fighting drugs. There is no question that additionally important medications—perhaps even miracle cures—lie untapped in the world’s ecosystems. In fact, researchers estimate that less than 1% of the world’s known species have been fully examined for their medicinal value. However the ecosystems that have yielded some of the world’s most important and promising drugs—such as rainforests, peat swamps,

Medicine Need

Environmental science and conservation news

What does Nature give us? A special Earth Day article

“QKD is the only solution that has been mathematically proven to defend against a potential quantum computing-based attack,” JPMorgan emphasized in its announcement.

JPMorgan has been ramping up its blockchain initiatives of late, with Cointelegraph reporting earlier this week that the firm became the first bank to officially <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/news/1t-opportunity-jpmorgan-becomes-first-major-bank-in-the-metaverse">launch in the metaverse </a>. It now has a virtual lounge in the popular crypto-backed virtual world Decentraland and <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/news/metaverse-is-booming-bringing-revolution-to-real-estate">appears bullish on the metaverse sector </a>after it labeled it as a $1-trillion opportunity.

quantum security was determined to be a blocking criteria for blockchain adoption by capital wales

Marco Pistoia, engineer, and head of the FLARE Research group at JPMorgan Chase emphasized the importance of building secure blockchains before quantum computing changes the “security landscape” of blockchain and crypto.  

crypto

Cryptocurrency

moneyandinvestments

Money & Investments

JPMorgan unveils research on quantum resistant blockchain network

<ul><li>He knew Reusable rockets are the future, and cost efficient, so he made them</li><li>He knew Humans would need to be Interplanetary species one day, that's his Ambition</li><li>He wants to make Space travel, as cheap as flights, for all</li></ul>

Elon Musk (SpaceX Founder) thinks Out of the Box

<ul><li>Nasa supported Spacex from the time they launched their first Rocket, because they knew that this guy will make space travel super cost efficient</li><li>He got support from all over the world because people noticed his unique ambition of Mars colonies</li><li>He used to post funny memes and stuff on social medias... Who doesn't like a Person, with Epic willpower and a Great sense of humor</li></ul>

They got Support

How SpaceX is so Successful

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