<ul><li>It's difficult to study inner voices because people have what he calls "presuppositions" about what's going on in their minds.</li><li>Respondents will typically describe what they think researchers want to hear rather than their genuine thoughts.</li><li>People can learn to pay closer attention if they pay close attention.</li></ul>

Investigating Inner Speech

<ul><li>There is a huge amount of variation from person to person. Some people hear inner voices that may sound like recordings while others describe it as much more vague and fuzzy.</li><li>Research from Hurlburt and other scientists has indicated that some people do not hear inner speech at all, or not according to their definition of it.</li></ul>

Not All Minds Speak Alike

Our minds not only have soundtracks, but they also offer video entertainment by way of mental images.Those who can’t form mental images experience aphantasia, a term coined in 2015 by researchers who first identified the condition. It’s thought to affect between 2-5% of the population and affect about 1-2% of people with an inner voice.

The Mind as a Streaming Service

Most people experience conversations and see images in their minds, though the mechanics have proven difficult to nail down.

mindfulness

Mindfulness

mentalhealth

Mental Health

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

Scientists Aren't Sure How the Inner Voice Works

It usually means a Celestial body that revolves around a Planet, which is a body that revolves around a star<ol><li>Makes sense, but our Moon doesn't need to have the name 'Moon' right, as you may think.</li><li>Yea it has a unique Unpopular name</li></ol>

What Does Moon Even Mean

In short, Our Moon's name is Luna<ul><li>Yea seems familiar?</li><li>Remember Lunar Eclipse? That name comes from Luna, our Moon's name</li><li>Surprisingly it's too unpopular, and we know it as Moon </li></ul>

So What's Our Moon's Name?

What is Our Moon's Name

These are powerful solar eruptions that produce high amounts of cosmic rays in Earth's upper atmosphere, which in turn produce carbon-14, a radioactive isotope of carbon.The Carrington Event of 1859 is the largest recorded account of a geomagnetic storm, but it is not an isolated event. Recordings of these storms date back to the early 19th century, and an even more massive event is known as the Miyake Event, which occurred around A.D. 774.

Geomagnetic storms

Today, a geomagnetic storm of the same intensity as the Carrington Event would affect far more than telegraph wires and could be catastrophic.With the ever-growing dependency on electricity and emerging technology, any disruption could lead to trillions of dollars of monetary loss and risk to a life dependent on the systems.

Knocking out power

In the case of a solar storm, communications would be disrupted on a worldwide scale. <ul><li>Internet service providers could go down, which in turn would take out the ability of different systems to communicate with each other.</li><li>Satellites in orbit around Earth could be damaged by induced currents from the geomagnetic storm burning out their circuit boards. This would lead to disruptions in satellite-based telephone, internet, radio and television.</li></ul>

Breaking connections

It's important to work now to minimize the disruptions from the next Carrington Event. It's important to continue researching ways to protect electrical systems against the effects of geomagnetic storms, installing devices that can shield vulnerable equipment like transformers, and developing strategies for adjusting grid loads when solar storms are about to hit.

Just a matter of time

With the ever-growing dependency on electricity and technology, any disruption could put people at risk and lead to trillions of dollars of monetary loss.


technologyandthefuture

Technology & The Future

How a solar storm could knock out the power grid and the internet

When you exercise, your blood chemistry changes and your brain becomes the very happy recipient of important nutrients. It repays the favour by amping up its performance – specifically memory, attention, information processing and problem-solving.

1. Get your heart pumping.

Cramming doesn’t work, which is one of the great pities – life would be so much easier if it did. The problem with cramming is that the material doesn’t get the opportunity to transfer into long-term memory.

2. Spread your study. Yep. You got it. No cramming.  

Researchers have found that looking through an exam before working on it will reduce anxiety and improve performance. Remember though, that all the mental resources in the world won’t find the right answers in memory if the answers aren’t put there solidly in the first place.

3. Know what’s to come.

Learning material to teach ensures that material is actively understood and stored away in memory, and not passively looked over.

4. Teach what you’ve learnt. 

Testing yourself on the material you’ve learned is more effective than reading the material over and over. Re-reading material might get you thinking that you’re familiar with the material, but until you try to retrieve that material from memory, you won’t know how well you know it or where the gaps in your knowledge are.

5. Test yourself.

Sleeping after learning encourages memories of the information to be wired into your brain, so it’s less likely to fade. Think of your brain like a tree. Learning causes a branch to grow, but sleep helps it to grow the leaves and other tiny branches that will sustain and strengthen it.

6. Get some sleep.

All-nighters will mess with your ability to remember and process information. Sleep prepares your brain for learning, so pulling an all-nighter can cut your capacity to learn new things by up to 40%.

7. And ditch the all-nighters.

Research has found that the greatest improvement come following 15 minutes of moderate activity (jogging, a brisk walk, dribbling a ball) but the improvement was also shown following vigorous activity (running, jumping, skipping) or a passive break (such as listening to music or watching funny YouTube clips – because for sure that’s why they were invented).

8. Take a break.

Before a test, find somewhere private (or, totally public – up to you) and strike a power pose. Think Wonder Woman – hands on hips, legs apart; Superman – tall, shoulders back, chest expanded, arms stretched out in front of you.

9. Power pose.

The art of reading and studying consists in remembering the essentials and forgetting what is not essential.

Here’s how to study smarter, supercharge your learning and store the information away in your head so it’s ready to jump into your arms when you need it. 

personaldevelopment

Personal Development

health

Health

problemsolving

Problem Solving

9 Scientifically Proven Ways to Get the Most Out of Study Time - Hey Sigmund

We have totally disconnected ourselves from the nature, even though we know it very well that humans need nature. We continue to destroy it and use it for our good, like making industrial areas instead of growing trees. And we are not even leaving animals we keep killing them for leather or for any other uses.

Nature

Fresh water: There is no physical substance human being can replace it with water. Yet we don't presure it. Water is the most important thing in the survival in this world everyone in this world need water to survive. Water is being wasted, kids while using tap water forget to close it, not only kids even parents don't close it when it is not in need. Because of these foolish acts we are losing fresh water drastically

Water

Pollination: Imagine trying to pollinate every apple blossom in an orchard: this is what nature does for us. Insects, birds, and even some mammals, pollinate the world’s plants, including much of human agriculture. Around 80% of the world’s plants require a different species to act as pollinator.

Pollination

Seed dispersal: Much like pollination, many of the world’s plants require other species to move their seeds from the parent plant to new sprouting ground. Seeds are dispersed by an incredibly wide-variety of players: birds, bats, rodents, megafauna like elephants and tapir, and even, researchers have recently discovered, fish. Seed dispersal is especially important for tropical forests where a majority of plants depend on animals to move.

Seed Dispersal

Medicine: Nature is our greatest medicine cabinet: to date it has provided humankind with a multitude of life-saving medicines from quinine to aspirin, and from morphine to numerous cancer and HIV-fighting drugs. There is no question that additionally important medications—perhaps even miracle cures—lie untapped in the world’s ecosystems. In fact, researchers estimate that less than 1% of the world’s known species have been fully examined for their medicinal value. However the ecosystems that have yielded some of the world’s most important and promising drugs—such as rainforests, peat swamps,

Medicine Need

Environmental science and conservation news

What does Nature give us? A special Earth Day article

“QKD is the only solution that has been mathematically proven to defend against a potential quantum computing-based attack,” JPMorgan emphasized in its announcement.

JPMorgan has been ramping up its blockchain initiatives of late, with Cointelegraph reporting earlier this week that the firm became the first bank to officially <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/news/1t-opportunity-jpmorgan-becomes-first-major-bank-in-the-metaverse">launch in the metaverse </a>. It now has a virtual lounge in the popular crypto-backed virtual world Decentraland and <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/news/metaverse-is-booming-bringing-revolution-to-real-estate">appears bullish on the metaverse sector </a>after it labeled it as a $1-trillion opportunity.

quantum security was determined to be a blocking criteria for blockchain adoption by capital wales

Marco Pistoia, engineer, and head of the FLARE Research group at JPMorgan Chase emphasized the importance of building secure blockchains before quantum computing changes the “security landscape” of blockchain and crypto.  

crypto

Cryptocurrency

moneyandinvestments

Money & Investments

JPMorgan unveils research on quantum resistant blockchain network

<ul><li>He knew Reusable rockets are the future, and cost efficient, so he made them</li><li>He knew Humans would need to be Interplanetary species one day, that's his Ambition</li><li>He wants to make Space travel, as cheap as flights, for all</li></ul>

Elon Musk (SpaceX Founder) thinks Out of the Box

<ul><li>Nasa supported Spacex from the time they launched their first Rocket, because they knew that this guy will make space travel super cost efficient</li><li>He got support from all over the world because people noticed his unique ambition of Mars colonies</li><li>He used to post funny memes and stuff on social medias... Who doesn't like a Person, with Epic willpower and a Great sense of humor</li></ul>

They got Support

How SpaceX is so Successful

A world lived by atoms was constructed using quantum mechanics. In condensed matter physics , crystal mediums are represented as lattice models in the presence of magnetic and electric fields (or both) . In this model, when the set of equations (Harper’s Equation) describes the motion of the individual (non-interacting) electron is solved under particular boundary conditions and if the graph of external magnetic field corresponding to the solutions (energy) is plotted, we see the butterfly fractal pattern (Hofstadter Butterfly) which is quite interesting.

We will look at how discovered the Hoftstadter Butterfly fractal pattern in quantum physics.

, we will examine the Hall Effect , which is the initial discovery of the main problem (the motion of the electron in a crystal medium) and the Hofstadter Butterfly , which is the solution of the same effect in the subatomic world.

A one of the most interesting phenomena (Hall voltage) in physics was first observed by Edwin Hall in 1879. Let’s imagine that we have a horizontal conductive plate(Hall element)and with the help of any power source we supply current to the plate in a particular direction. So we will have electrons carrying current along a straight line on the plate.Now,apply external magnetic field perpendicular to the plate.Since the magnetic field exerts a magnetic force(Lorentz force) on a charged particle,the moving electrons and the protons will move towards the edges of the plate in opposite directions.

1. HALL EFFECT

Potential difference is required for the existence of voltage in a particular direction. In our experiment, electrons and protons stacked on opposite sides to create a potential difference perpendicular to the current. This voltage is called the Hall voltage . Also, this phenomena is called the classical Hall effect.

The version of the Hall effect in the subatomic world is called the quantum Hall effect. We should expect to observe the classic Hall effect at low magnetic field, room temperature and at very high magnetic fields (about 10 Tesla) , very low temperatures (about 100 Kelvin) expect to observe the quantum Hall effect. The main difficult problem, which is the main theme of the article, is rather than explaining the classical Hall effect to be able to explain what happens to an electron that can move forward withoutscattering in the presence of a magnetic field.

2. QUANTUM HALL EFFECT

In quantum mechanics, classically forbidden phenomena are likely to occur. For any particle to pass over a potential barrier , it needs energy . If the energy of a particle is lower than the potential barrier , the particle is trapped there. In other words, it is not possible for the particle to pass over the barrier in the classical sense. But quantum mechanics says that even in such a case there is a possibility that the particle is outside the potential barrier . We’re talking about a kind of particle teleportation .

2.1. QUANTUM TUNELLING

The main reason why we don’t think of teleportation as a spontaneous natural event is that it never happens in daily life (by the laws of classical mechanics). Because the wavelength of the wave (or particle) much less than the width of the barrier . This also decreases the probability . That’s why you can never teleport to the other side of the wall, even if you wait your whole life with your hand on the wall.

In the quantum mechanics, every particle is also a wave . As we know from daily life, light waves (photon particles) scatter as they pass through raindrops and formed a rainbow. We assume that an electron does not undergo such scattering due to its movement in the crystal lattice medium. Our other most remarkable assumption is the tight-binding approach. According to this approach, electrons can only tunnelling into the nearest neighboring atomic orbitals. Thus, we make our work easier by ignoring interactions with distant neighbors.

What do we mean by scatter ?

Multidimensional lattice, a mathematical structure for molecules, was modeled in condensed matter physics (solid state physics) which is a sub-area of physics to solve the problem. In this model, we can imagine the lattice (can be of any geometry) with atoms in point form at each corner.

2.2. HARPER EQUATION

In the context of this model, the mathematical equation describing the motion of a single electron living on a two-dimensional square lattice is called the Harper equation . It was studied by Rudolf Peierls andR. G. Harper in the 1950s. There is something that makes the equation very special: the alpha values included in the equation. The striking results of the difference in the number sets (rational or irrational) to which alpha belongs… By definition, the alpha value is the ratio of the quantum flux (a definition in the literature) to the magnetic flux passing through each plate.

Since the ratio will still give the magnetic field unit, the alpha value is the external magnetic field itself. The results will differ depending on whether the value of the external magnetic field is rational or irrational . Here, the flux can be thought of as magnetic field lines pass through a unit surface and the magnetic flux is proportional to the magnetic field lines passing through the surface.

All that remains in solving the problem is to solve the finite set of Harper equations using numerical solution (computational) techniques. In other words determining the energy values in each of the equations in this finite set. It was solved byDougles R. Hofstadter in 1976.Now that we have the solutions, let’s look at their dependence on external magnetic field (alpha values) . Let’s consider alpha values a rational number. In other words, the magnetic field that we apply to the system should only be in rational values. In this case, if the energy solutions corresponding to each alpha values

2.3. SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM

(energy as a function of alpha) are plotted, we will see the Hofstadter Butterfly , which similar to butterfly wings.Note that the graph is symmetrical with respect to the zero of the energy and alpha = 1/2 value. The symmetry presents us an image similar to the patterns on the wings of a butterfly in nature. Additionally, the larger the set of equations being studied, the butterfly pattern (solutions) will become sharper .As can be seen from the graphs above, the most important reason why Harper’s equation is to be worked only numerically is that it contains too many points (solutions)

and naturally too many equations.Let’s take a closer look to see one of the beautiful details of theHofstadter Butterfly . You can clearly see the band separations in the left graph above. It is the number in the denominator of the alpha value that determines how many times the bands will be split . If alpha = 1/3 , we see decompositions into three , and if alpha=9/11 , we see decomposition into eleven and so on... Band corners joins at alpha=1/2 and energy=0 solution, thus we saw single band .

Let’s take a closer look to see one of the beautiful details of 

In other words, let’s choose the external magnetic field we apply not rational , but only irrational . What can change, you might say. After all, there is only 0.5 difference between alpha=1/2 and alpha=1 . But that is not the case. The very interesting thing is that the butterfly only occurs for rational alpha values! If we plot the solutions of Harper’s equation corresponding to the irrational values of alpha ; we get nothing more than horizontal arrays of dots !

If we look at the graph below, we see visually sense pointless results for irrational alpha values . But, as we saw in the previous graph,Hofstadter Butterflies lives in the white regions (range of rational values) of the graph below.

...i

Just as different types of butterflies exist in nature, the Hofstadter Butterfly is not unique in physics. Naturally, fractal patterns will be different in systems that exhibit different behaviors under different types of features. Above, we only talked about two-dimensional square lattice model solutions. For example, if we analyzed hexagonal (honeycomb) or triangular lattice structures using similar numerical methods under a magnetic field, we would get different graphs. Just like bent, twisted and modified versions of the Hofstadter Butterfly.

2.4. ALTERNATIVE BUTTERFLIES

We will look at how discovered the Hofstadter Butterfly fractal pattern is discovered in the quantum physics.

A BUTTERFLY IN THE QUANTUM WORLD

Not One, Not Two, But Three Planetary Systems Are Forming Around This Binary StarAstronomers have spied three whole systems of exoplanets being born around one binary star.SVS 13 is a binary star system 980 light-years away, and the complex structures of dust around it are shedding light on how planetary systems are born in these fascinating environments.

Two Stars Shares Three Solar Systems... Unbelievable But true...

#spacefacts #spacenews #discovery #stars Not One, Not Two, But Three Planetary Systems Are Forming Around This Binary Star Astronomers have spied three whole systems of exoplanets being born around one binary star. SVS 13 is a binary star system 980 light-years away, and the complex structures of dust around it are shedding light on how planetary systems are born in these fascinating environments. Results have revealed that each star has a disk of gas and dust around it and that, in addition, a larger disk is forming around both stars. They found two small disks, one with a dust radius of 12 astronomical units, and the other with a dust radius of 9 astronomical units, both with a gas radius of 30 astronomical units. The huge spiral circumbinary disk, enclosing both stars, has spiral arms that extend 500 astronomical units. SVS 13 is relatively close, in a star-forming cloud called the Perseus molecular cloud, and very young. It consists of two stars with a combined mass about equal to that of the Sun, locked in a very tight orbit; they are only about 90 astronomical units apart (Pluto is about 40 astronomical units from the Sun). Know more about… Space : https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO6kTsDI4xfnAISJIMWKxkPoL9qoU9Hwv General knowledge : https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO6kTsDI4xfn6hHfyZBGiw-atw0its-7Q Science & Technology : https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO6kTsDI4xfmONVgfMhMbstBLpZuyJCP2 Health : https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO6kTsDI4xflrlYCGE0EIyWXoBoNG81-r 🙏Requests🙏 I requested to you (My viewers) please subscribe to my channel and if you like video then please press like button.All youtubers are doing hard work in video making and your like, Share, Subscribes are fruits for our hard works. You also follow me on: - Facebook: www.facebook.com/thetechers You can visit my Website : www.knowledgevaccination.blogspot.com This video is under Fair Use: Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act in 1976; Allowance is made for "Fair Use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non - profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use. All rights and credit go directly to its rightful owners. No copyright infringement intended. Sound credit : youtube library Video Credit : NASA / ESA/Wikipedia /tweaktown/sciencealert/pngtree/ ESO/L.Calcada Thank you all of you...🙏

space

Space

#spacefacts #spacenews #discovery #stars
Not One, Not Two, But Three Planetary Systems Are Forming Around This Binary Star
Astronomers have spied three whole systems of exoplanets being born around one binary star.
SVS 13 is a binary star system 980 light-years away, and the complex structures of dust around it are shedding light on how planetary systems are born in these fascinating environments.
Results have revealed that each star has a disk of gas and dust around it and that, in addition, a larger disk is forming around both stars. 
They found two small disks, one with a dust radius of 12 astronomical units, and the other with a dust radius of 9 astronomical units, both with a gas radius of 30 astronomical units.
The huge spiral circumbinary disk, enclosing both stars, has spiral arms that extend 500 astronomical units.
SVS 13 is relatively close, in a star-forming cloud called the Perseus molecular cloud, and very young. It consists of two stars with a combined mass about equal to that of the Sun, locked in a very tight orbit; they are only about 90 astronomical units apart (Pluto is about 40 astronomical units from the Sun). 

Know more about… 
Space : https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO6kTsDI4xfnAISJIMWKxkPoL9qoU9Hwv

General knowledge : https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO6kTsDI4xfn6hHfyZBGiw-atw0its-7Q

Science & Technology : https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO6kTsDI4xfmONVgfMhMbstBLpZuyJCP2

Health : https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO6kTsDI4xflrlYCGE0EIyWXoBoNG81-r

🙏Requests🙏 
I requested to you (My viewers) please subscribe to my channel and if you like video then please press like button.All youtubers are doing hard work in video making and your like, Share, Subscribes are fruits for our hard works.
 
You also follow me on: - 
Facebook: www.facebook.com/thetechers
You can visit my Website : www.knowledgevaccination.blogspot.com

This video is under Fair Use: Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act in 1976;  Allowance is made for "Fair Use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.  Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing.  Non - profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.  All rights and credit go directly to its rightful owners.  No copyright infringement intended.

Sound credit : youtube library
Video Credit : NASA / ESA/Wikipedia /tweaktown/sciencealert/pngtree/
ESO/L.Calcada

Thank you all of you...🙏

Hi Friends,
In this channel, We provide you with Facts about Latest Space, Science & Technology research and information, Research based Health-related facts, General Knowledge facts, and many more. Your Information, Our Responsibility. 
Here I research a lot to make one video and Compress it in only 1-10 minutes video to gives you an instant knowledge boost. 
So friends Subscribe to my channel and watch my videos. Also, press the Bell icon to get new video notifications. And if you like videos, don't hesitate to tell your friends to subscribe to my channel. 
Because The Knowledge is Infinite.
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Sudhir Talati

Wild binary star has three distinct solar systems forming around it. (New discovery)

<ul><li>A well-functioning cerebellum coordinates fluid movements and calibrates freeze responses as part of the brain's survival network</li><li>If freezing in place is a good survival strategy, the cerebellum automatically initiates a quick, momentary freeze response</li><li>If the cerebellum dysfunctions in fearful situations, freeze responses last too long and cause immobility akin to crippling anxiety</li></ul>

Key Points

Neuroscientists at the University of Bristol have discovered fear mechanisms rooted in the cerebellum that could lead to new anti-anxiety medications and treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder a.k.a PTSD (<a href="https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.76278">Paci et al., 2022 </a>)

Research

"These findings show that the cerebellum is a part of the brain's survival network which regulates fear-memory processes. [This study] raises the possibility that disruption of the cerebellum might underlie anxiety and other fear-related disorders, thereby providing a new target for future therapies."

Paci et al., 2022

In animal experiments using fear-conditioned rats, Paci et al. (2022) found that the cerebellum modulates how another brain area called the periaqueductal gray (PAG) triggers automatic defensive behaviors such as freezing in place during times of perceived danger.

Research in Rats

This research increases our understanding of how survival networks rooted in subcortical brain areas cause the body to automatically freeze in response to fear. When the cerebellum is functioning well, a momentary freeze response promotes survival. However, Paci et al. (2022) found that when cerebellar functions were disrupted , the animals used in this study were paralyzed by fear.

Impact of Findings

The cerebellum coordinates fluid motor movements in sports and daily life. It also coordinates our thoughts, as well as coordinating our movements. As part of a survival network, it facilitates gracefully taking flight, fighting it out with well-coordinated muscle movements, or freezing in place for just long enough to plot your next move.

What Does the Cerebellum Do?

For their recent study, Paci et al. (2022) encoded a fear memory by pairing a mild electric foot shock with an audible tone. Once their lab rats were conditioned to fear the auditory tone by itself, they implanted electrodes to monitor neuronal activity within the PAG. When the rats heard the fear-conditioned tone, it triggered a momentary freeze response, and specific neurons in the PAG simultaneously "lit up."

Methodology

Notably, when a rat's cerebellum was functioning properly, the freeze response was brief and didn't stop an animal in its tracks for too long.However, Paci et al. (2022) found that when the cerebellum's ability to communicate with the PAG was blocked, freeze responses went into overdrive and became exaggerated. Instead of freezing momentarily, hearing the fear-conditioned tone immobilized the animals for an extended period of time.

As Part of a Survival Network, the Cerebellum and PAG Coordinate Perfectly-Timed "Freeze" Responses

The findings suggest that the cerebellum plays a crucial role in coordinating perfectly-timed behavioral responses to threatening stimuli. But cerebellar dysfunctions can cause havoc with perfectly-timed freeze responses. Without a well-functioning cerebellum, the freeze response lasts too long.Paci et al. (2022)'s research sheds light on why crippling anxiety is so immobilizing and may provide a new target for anxiolytic medications.

Findings

"Until now, little was understood about how the cerebellum modulates neuronal activity in other brain regions, especially those related to fear and anxiety"

"Importantly, our results show that the cerebellum is part of the brain's survival network that regulates fear memory processes at multiple timescales and in multiple ways; raising the possibility that dysfunctional interactions in the brain's cerebellar-survival network may underlie fear-related disorders and comorbidities"

New research on fear-induced "freeze" responses

Freezing behaviors are coordinated by the brain’s cerebellum.

Understand yourself and those around you.

psychology

Psychology

The Neuroscience of Fear-Induced “Freeze” Responses

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