Mathematical equations can predict the motions of two gravitating masses. But when a third or more are introduced, our analytical tools fall short. It is impossible to write down all the terms of a general formula that can accurately describe the motion of three or more gravitating objects. The problem is in knowing how many unknown variables an n-body system contains.

The three-body problem

Thanks to Isaac Newton, we can write a set of equations to describe the gravitational force that acts between bodies. But, when we try to find a general solution for the unknown variables in these equations, we are faced with a mathematical limitation.For every unknown, there must be one equation that describes it. A two-body system is solvable because its gravitational attraction influences the paths they take in such a way that a simple mathematical formula can describe it. But three or more orbiting objects leaves us with more variables than equations that can describe them.

The mathematical constraint

A system of three stars could come crashing or flung out of orbit after a long time of apparent stability. Almost every possible configuration is unpredictable on long timescales. A slight difference in position and velocity could have a large range of potential outcomes. Physicists describe this behaviour as chaotic - an important characteristic of n-body systems. But it is still deterministic; it’s not random.

Objects that move according to analytically unsolvable equations of motion

Advancements in computer simulations help to avoid disaster. By approximating solutions with powerful processors, we can better predict the motion of n-body systems on long time scales.   When one body in a group of three is so light it has no significant force on the other two, the system behaves as a two-body system. This is known as the “restricted three-body problem.” The restricted three-body system is useful to describe an asteroid in the Earth-Sun gravitational field or a small planet in the field of a black hole and a star.

The restricted three-body system

For space missions to avoid catastrophe, complicated orbits must be calculated with great precision. 

Download a free audiobook version of "The Three-Body Problem" and support TED-Ed's nonprofit mission: https://www.audible.com/ted-ed -- In 2009, researchers ran a simple experiment. They took everything we know about our solar system and calculated where every planet would be up to 5 billion years in the future. They ran over 2,000 simulations, and the astonishing variety in results revealed that our solar system may be much less stable than it seems. Fabio Pacucci explores the n-body problem and the motion of gravitating objects. Lesson by Fabio Pacucci, directed by Hype CG. Animator's website: https://www.hype.cg/ and https://www.luisacopetti.com/ Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/newton-s-three-body-problem-explained-fabio-pacucci Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! João Henrique Rodrigues, Sebastiaan Hols, Aries SW, SANG HAN, Amy Lopez, ReuniteKorea, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Clovis Norroy, Danielle Downs, Nik Maier, Angel Pantoja, Nishant Suneja, 张晓雨, Srinivasa C Pasumarthi, Kathryn Vacha, Anthony Arcis, Jeffrey Segrest, Sandra Fuller Bocko, Alex Pierce, Lawrence Teh Swee Kiang, BRENDAN NEALE, Jane White, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Harshita Jagdish Sahijwani, Won Jang, Nick Johnson, Tariq Keblaoui, Carlos H. Costa, Eimann P. Evarola, Aleksandr Lyozin, Mohamed Elsayed, Alan Wilder, Marcus Appelbaum, Francisco Leos, Kevin O'Leary, Les Howard, Ten Cha, Mehmet Yusuf Ertekin, Arlene Weston, phkphk123321, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Austin Randall, Abhishek Bansal, Jayant Sahewal, Dian Atamyanov and igor romanenko.

videos

Videos

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

Download a free audiobook version of "The Three-Body Problem" and support TED-Ed's nonprofit mission: https://www.audible.com/ted-ed 

--

In 2009, researchers ran a simple experiment. They took everything we know about our solar system and calculated where every planet would be up to 5 billion years in the future. They ran over 2,000 simulations, and the astonishing variety in results revealed  that our solar system may be much less stable than it seems. Fabio Pacucci explores the n-body problem and the motion of gravitating objects.

Lesson by Fabio Pacucci, directed by Hype CG.

Animator's website: https://www.hype.cg/ and https://www.luisacopetti.com/
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/newton-s-three-body-problem-explained-fabio-pacucci

Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! João Henrique Rodrigues, Sebastiaan Hols, Aries SW, SANG HAN, Amy Lopez, ReuniteKorea, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Clovis Norroy, Danielle Downs, Nik Maier, Angel Pantoja, Nishant Suneja, 张晓雨, Srinivasa C Pasumarthi, Kathryn Vacha, Anthony Arcis, Jeffrey Segrest, Sandra Fuller Bocko, Alex Pierce, Lawrence Teh Swee Kiang, BRENDAN NEALE, Jane White, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Harshita Jagdish Sahijwani, Won Jang, Nick Johnson, Tariq Keblaoui, Carlos H. Costa, Eimann P. Evarola, Aleksandr Lyozin, Mohamed Elsayed, Alan Wilder, Marcus Appelbaum, Francisco Leos, Kevin O'Leary, Les Howard, Ten Cha, Mehmet Yusuf Ertekin, Arlene Weston, phkphk123321, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Austin Randall, Abhishek Bansal, Jayant Sahewal, Dian Atamyanov and igor romanenko.

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TED-Ed

Newton’s three-body problem explained - Fabio Pacucci

• Factfulness is about the ten instincts that distort our perspective of the world and prevent us from seeing how it actually is.10 Instincts That DISTORT Our Perspective Are:1. The Gap Instinct2. The Negativity Instinct3. The Straight Line Instinct4. The Fear Instinct5. The Size Instinct6. The Generalization Instinct7. The Destiny Instinct8. The Single Perspective9. The Blame Instinct10. The Urgency Instinct

Short Summary

Our tendency to divide things into two distinct and often conflicting groups with an imagined gap between them (e.g. us and them).

The Gap Instinct

Our tendency to notice the bad more than the good (e.g. believing that things are getting worse when things are actually getting better).

The Negativity Instinct

Our tendency to assume that a line will just continue straight and ignoring that such lines are RARE in reality.

The Straight Line Instinct

Our hardwired tendency to pay more attention to frightening things.

The Fear Instinct.

Our tendency to get things out of proportion, or misjudge the size of things .

The Size Instinct

Our tendency to mistakenly group together things or people, or countries that are actually very different.

The Generalization Instinct

The idea that innate characteristics determine the destinies of people, countries, religions, or cultures; that things are as they are because of INESCAPABLE reasons.

The Destiny Instinct

Our tendency to focus on a single cause or perspective when it comes to understanding the world (e.g. forming your worldview by relying on the media, alone).

The Single Perspective

Our tendency to find a clear, simple reason for why something bad has happened.

The Blame Instinct

Our tendency to take immediate action in the face of perceived imminent danger, and in doing so, amplifying our other instincts.

The Urgency Instinct

“Forming your worldview by relying on the media would be like forming your view about me by looking only at a picture of my foot.” ― Hans Rosling

'One of the most important books I've ever read - an indispensable guide to thinking clearly about the world' BILL GATES 'A hopeful book about the potential for human progress when we work off facts rather than our inherent biases' BARACK OBAMA The international bestseller, inspiring and revelatory, filled with lively anecdotes and moving stories, Factfulness is an urgent and essential book that will change the way you see the world, and make you realise things are better than you thought. *#1 Sunday Times bestseller * New York Times bestseller * Observer 'best brainy book of the decade' * Irish Times bestseller * audiobook bestseller * Guardian bestseller *

Understand yourself and those around you.

psychology

Psychology

personaldevelopment

Personal Development

problemsolving

Problem Solving

INSTANT NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER “One of the most important books I’ve ever read—an indispensable guide to thinking clearly about the world.” – Bill Gates “Hans Rosling tells the story of ‘the secret silent miracle of human progress’ as only he can. But Factfulness does much more than that. It also explains why progress is so often secret and silent and teaches readers how to see it clearly.” —Melinda Gates "Factfulness by Hans Rosling, an outstanding international public health expert, is a hopeful book about the potential for human progress when we work off facts rather than our inherent biases." - Former U.S. President Barack Obama Factfulness: The stress-reducing habit of only carrying opinions for which you have strong supporting facts. When asked simple questions about global trends—what percentage of the world’s population live in poverty; why the world’s population is increasing; how many girls finish school—we systematically get the answers wrong. So wrong that a chimpanzee choosing answers at random will consistently outguess teachers, journalists, Nobel laureates, and investment bankers. In Factfulness, Professor of International Health and global TED phenomenon Hans Rosling, together with his two long-time collaborators, Anna and Ola, offers a radical new explanation of why this happens. They reveal the ten instincts that distort our perspective—from our tendency to divide the world into two camps (usually some version of us and them) to the way we consume media (where fear rules) to how we perceive progress (believing that most things are getting worse). Our problem is that we don’t know what we don’t know, and even our guesses are informed by unconscious and predictable biases. It turns out that the world, for all its imperfections, is in a much better state than we might think. That doesn’t mean there aren’t real concerns. But when we worry about everything all the time instead of embracing a worldview based on facts, we can lose our ability to focus on the things that threaten us most. Inspiring and revelatory, filled with lively anecdotes and moving stories, Factfulness is an urgent and essential book that will change the way you see the world and empower you to respond to the crises and opportunities of the future. --- “This book is my last battle in my life-long mission to fight devastating ignorance...Previously I armed myself with huge data sets, eye-opening software, an energetic learning style and a Swedish bayonet for sword-swallowing. It wasn’t enough. But I hope this book will be.” Hans Rosling, February 2017.

Hans Rosling (1948 – 2017) was a Swedish physician, academic, statistician, and public speaker.He was the Professor of International Health at Karolinska Institute and was the co-founder and chairman of the Gapminder Foundation, which developed the Trendalyzer software. He held presentations around the world, including several TED Talks in which he promoted the use of data to explore development issues.

Hans Rosling

Ola Rosling is an accomplished writer whose work has resonated with readers around the world. Ola Rosling has published several books that explore a range of topics, from fiction to nonfiction, and has received critical acclaim for the ability to weave compelling narratives. Ola Rosling's writing style is known for its depth and authenticity, and has earned quite a loyal following of readers.

Ola Rosling

Anna Rosling Rönnlund is an accomplished writer whose work has resonated with readers around the world. Anna Rosling Rönnlund has published several books that explore a range of topics, from fiction to nonfiction, and has received critical acclaim for the ability to weave compelling narratives. Anna Rosling Rönnlund's writing style is known for its depth and authenticity, and has earned quite a loyal following of readers.

Anna Rosling Rönnlund

Factfulness

“Purposeful play builds self-confidence and real-world problem-solving skills.”

SuperBetter is the game Jane McGonigal designed for herself when she was recovering from a brain injury and had to lie perfectly still for weeks and weeks.During the recovery, she realized that she didn’t just want to get better; she wanted to be even better than before her injury – super better! So she created a game to help her get there.Based on her experience in game design and scientific research, she created an avatar, power-ups, bad guys, and went on quests every single day, to take the illness as a challenge and make it fun.

SuperBetter: The game

Post-traumatic growth and post-ecstatic growth are positive developments that people experience during difficult times.<ul><li>Post-traumatic growth often happens to car crash victims, who find themselves appreciating life a lot more after the crash, or cancer survivors, who start running marathons once they recover.</li><li>However, you don’t need to run your car into the next tree, in order to play a round of SuperBetter. There’s another form of growth that doesn’t require trauma, called post-ecstatic growth.</li></ul>

Post-traumatic growth and post-ecstatic growth

This reduction in physical pain comes from 2 things:<ul><li>Playing a video game shifts our attention spotlight, and allows us to react less to the signal of pain.</li><li>The activity of playing engages us in a state called flow, where we’re so engaged and absorbed in the activity that we feel in perfect control of our lives.</li></ul>In this way we give our attention to a positive activity, which also makes us feel in charge. This gives us the confidence to endure the pain and our body adapts.

Using games to reduce physical pain

When two people play a similar game in the same room, they form a strong neurological and physiological connection. They show the exact facial expressions; their heartbeats also settle into the same rhythm – and this occurs irrespective of whether they’re playing with or against one other.And the connection goes more than that: we’re also very likely to like the people if we’re playing a game with them. The reason for that is because we’re attracted to people we see that alike to ourselves.

Bonding with people over games

Games can have a positive influence on your life, providing that you play them for the right motives. The impact games have on your life doesn’t rest on the type of games you play or the time you use to play them. It depends on the reason you play them.Not every person plays games for educational or social causes. Some people play games as a type of escape from life issues– and that’s when gaming becomes destructive. But, if you play games with a positive aim, you’re more likely to gain the advantages and also feel happier in your non-gaming life.

The impact games have on our lives

After suffering a brain injury, Jane McGonigal came up with a game to help aid her recovery and battle the ensuing depression she experienced. A quarter of a million people have now played this game to astonishing results: depression gone in 6 weeks in some cases and even terminal cancer patients reporting that playing the game gives them a sense of control over their own health. This book shows readers how to use these techniques to find strength and create positivity: readers can look to their own 'power-ups' which are little things they can do to feel better and tackle the hurdles in their own lives.

books

Books

entertainment

Entertainment

A revolutionary new self-help book by top flight game designer Jane McGonigal. After suffering a brain injury, Jane McGonigal came up with a game to help aid her recovery and battle the ensuing depression she experienced. Half a million people have now played this game to astonishing results: depression gone in 6 weeks in some cases and even terminal cancer patients reporting that playing the game gives them a sense of control over their own health. The book shows readers how to use these techniques to find strength and create positivity: readers can look to their own 'power-ups' which are little things they can do to feel better and tackle the hurdles in their own lives. This book provides simple step-by-step ideas that can be carried out in day-to-day life, helping you transform your life with a new flexible and reenergised mindset. In this book McGonigal uses her own story and those of others to expertly demonstrate how simple changes can result in dramatic life-affirming effects. And what's more, she tells you how you yourself can lead a more "gameful" life.

Jane McGonigal

Superbetter

“Music replays the past memories, awaken our forgotten worlds and make our minds travel.”

The relationship between music and memory is powerful. Music evokes powerful emotions that then bring back memories. When we listen to a piece of music from years ago, we seem to travel back to that moment. We can feel everything as if we were there. Isn't it?

Music And Memory

Our long-term memory can be divided into two distinct types, namely implicit memory and explicit memory. Explicit memory is a deliberate, conscious remembering of the past. Which fades in the absence of recall.Implicit memories are our unconscious and automatic memories.

But How?

Implicit memory is a form of classical conditioning. An event, an emotion, and a song get connected through implicit memory. When a piece of music is paired with a very emotional event, it can be an effective cue to bring back the strong emotion that was felt at that moment.Also, we may even develop a preference for certain music pieces simply because they have been repeatedly played in the background. This psychological phenomenon is known as the mere exposure effect. People tend to like best what is most familiar.

The Exposure Effect

I'm starting with composing rain themed instrumental tracks bringing in the nostalgia feel while we hear!Do listen to it (link below) and let me know in the comment section what does my music remind you of when you listened to it?<a href="https://open.spotify.com/track/4YUz25qGaRwo8hOxhBoltJ?si=wcPkZUm7SymzHF6PtHZi9g&utm_source=copy-link">Spotify link</a>

How About A Small Experiment?

Because each memory has a soundtrack of its own ;) PLUS A BONUS EXERCISE IS AWAITING AT THE END OF THE STASH.

Songs from the past can trigger powerful emotions and transport us back in time.

health

Health

Why Does Music Evoke Memories?

So many of Millennials with housing regrets. What are they? Why do they feel this way? How does the broker community help?

Housing For Millennials 

<ul><li>A new <a href="https://www.realestatewitch.com/2022-millennial-home-buyer-report/">survey </a>found that 82% of millennials regretted something about buying their first home. </li><li>Those who rushed to buy were more likely to have buyer's remorse, and most regretted their location. </li><li>It's a byproduct of the housing crisis, which pressures millennials to buy what they can. </li> </ul>

Stat

Buyer's remorse is real.Just ask millennial homeowners, the majority of whom regret buying their first home. So finds a <a href="https://www.realestatewitch.com/2022-millennial-home-buyer-report/">new survey </a>by the real-estate education platform Clever Real Estate that polled 1,000 people about their homebuying plans. Of the respondents who already owned a home, 82% had at least one significant regret about their home purchase.

82% Have Regr

One in four millennials said their home value decreased while the same amount said their mortgage was expensive. Since buyers often had to shell out more than the asking price to outdo competition, many now realize they overpaid. The survey found that one in six millennials would offer at least $100,000 above asking price for their dream home. Almost half of millennials anticipate maxing out their budgets to buy a home, with one-third planning to spend more than the median US home price of $405,000 at the time of the survey in November.

Biggest Regret Is Financial 

I want to learn how to truly help this generation build wealth through homeownership that doesn't create this regret. 

A Clever Real Estate survey found that 82% of millennials had at least one big regret about buying their home, such as location or rushing to buy.

moneyandinvestments

Money & Investments

communication

Communication

More and more millennials regret buying their first home

"We know that prolonged social isolation leads to memory loss, and that loneliness is a risk factor for cognitive decline, dementia and even death....Fight back against loneliness and remain socially engaged." - <a href="https://www.aarp.org/health/brain-health/info-2020/brain-health-risks-covid19.html">Dr. Sanjay Gupta </a>, CNN's chief medical correspondent.

Stay Socially Engaged

Consistently consuming a healthy diet which includes plenty of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, fish, and healthy fats like olive oil and nuts, can benefit your heart and brain. "These items aren't only linked to boosting the brain power of elderly people, but they've also been shown to be even more beneficial to your health than a low-fat diet by protecting against type 2 diabetes, preventing heart disease and stroke and reducing muscle weakness and frailty in aging bones," - Dr. Douglas Scharre, a neurologist at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center .

Eat A Brain-healthy Diet

A study published recently in the journal <a href="https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/alz.12530">Alzheimer's & Dementia </a>found that exercise seems to boost levels of a protein that facilitates communication between brain cells, potentially preventing dementia. Good news is: only 5-10 minutes of burst exercise (30 seconds high effort movement, 90 seconds recovery) or moderate running boosts both mood and brain function, increasing blood flow to the prefrontal cortex—which regulates mood and "executive processing"—even after the activity was finished - A <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-01654-z">study </a>published in Scientific Reports in Nov 2021

Exercise (10 Minutes Can Make A Big Difference

Other simple tips include:<ul><li>walking around when speaking on the phone</li><li>taking the stairs instead of the elevator</li><li>parking a bit further from the entrance of your destination.</li></ul>

Sleep is "your (free) secret weapon to refresh and replenish tissues and cells — among them, those of the brain and immune system.... It also rinses away waste and debris in the brain that can otherwise foment disease, and it strengthens your memories. After a good night's sleep, you wake up with a smarter body and a sharper mind, better able to deal with the day's stressors." - Dr. GuptaEveryone should get 7-9 hrs of quality sleep each night; "the bare minimum if you want to have normal, healthy functioning physiology from your brain on down." -Dr. Gupta

Get 7 To 9 Hours Of Quality Sleep Each Night

"Just as physical activity helps keep your body in shape, mentally stimulating activities help keep your brain in shape—and might keep memory loss at bay," - Mayo Clinic. Play board games/word games; work puzzles or crosswords; read or listen to podcasts—anything to keep your brain stimulated. Even better: Learn a new skill, like a foreign language. The brain craves variety, and learning new things actually expands the network of blood vessels that nourishes it with oxygen and nutrients.

Exercise Your Brain

The human body is built to thrive in a series of short sprints. Studies show that rest and relaxation promote mental health, boost creativity, increase productivity, promote well-being, reduce stress, improve mood, and strengthen relationships. "Relaxing is not solely a physical thing for the body," writes Gupta. "Your brain needs to chill out, too." - Dr. Gupta

Get Some R and R

Finally tailor these tips to your own personality and schedule. Focus on doing one simple thing at a time.You might be surprised at how much you can accomplish in just a short period."Never forget that the brain is exceptionally plastic... It can rewire and reshape itself through your experiences and habits, and a lot of this remolding can be achieved in a mere twelve weeks...It's like buulding any other muscle" -Dr. Gupta

Know What Works Best For You

Because in this fast-paced world we're constantly pressured to keep up:so much to do, so much to think about; which leads to mental congestion and for many of us memory loss .

mentalhealth

Mental Health

Super Easy Proven Ways to Prevent Memory Loss

We all have a mind, Please don't mind😅Thoughts are generated from our eyes and ears, as "What we See and Listen is what we become"And these generated thoughts feeded into our mind and then when we make any decisions, conclusions and every thinkingMakes a Thought Process

Thought Process

Don't think about removing bad thoughts, Think about adding good thoughts, So that no space left for any bad thoughts in your mind.Mind is what, Your brain and Your brain is your remote, don't give this remote to others.

How to Remove bad thought Processes

If your answer to the above question is YES, then you already have power for making good thoughts because you know your faults and that's your power.

If You Already Have Bad Thoughts ?

THANK YOU SO MUCHDo like this thoughtForYourself

READ THIS AND IT WILL BE VERY IMPORTANT FOR YOU

philosophy

Philosophy

mindfulness

Mindfulness

creativity

Creativity

Thoughts

Quantum teleportation is a technique for transferring quantum information from a sender at one location to a receiver some distance away. While teleportation is portrayed in science fiction as a means to transfer physical objects from one location to the next, quantum teleportation only transfers quantum information .

Quantum Teleportation

For the first time, a team of scientists and researchers have achieved sustained, high-fidelity ‘quantum teleportation’ — the instant transfer of ‘qubits’ (quantum bits) the basic unit of quantum information. the collaborative team, which includes NASA’s jet propulsion laboratory, successfully demonstrated sustained, long-distance teleportation of qubits of photons (quanta of light) with fidelity greater than 90%. the qubits were teleported 44 kilometers (27 miles) over a fiber-optic network using state-of-the-art single-photon detectors and off-the-shelf equipment.

NASA’s Achievement

Important point to keep in mind is quantum teleportation is the transfer of quantum states from one location to another using quantum entanglement, where the two particles in separate locations are connected by an invisible force, famously referred to as “spooky action at a distance ” by Albert Einstein. Regardless of the distance, the encoded information shared by the “entangled” pair of particles can be passed between them. An interesting note is that the sender knows neither the location of the recipient nor the quantum state that will be transferred.

By sharing these quantum qubits, the basic units of quantum computing, researchers are hoping to create networks of quantum computers that can share information at blazing-fast speeds. But keeping this information flow stable over long distances has proven extremely difficult due to changes in the environment including noise. Researchers are now hoping to scale up such a system, using both entanglement to send information and quantum memory to store it as well.

....

On the same front, scientists have advanced their quantum technology research with the development of a chip that could be scaled up and used to build the quantum simulator of the future using nanochip that allows them to produce enough stable photons encoded with quantum information to scale up the technology. The chip, which is said to be less than one-tenth of the thickness of a human hair, may enable the scientists to achieve ‘quantum supremacy’ – where a quantum device can solve a given computational task faster than the world’s most powerful supercomputer.

The Chip

In quantum entanglement particles that have interacted at some point retain a type of connection and can be entangled with each other in pairs, in a process known as correlation .Knowing the spin state of one entangled particle – up or down – allows one to know that the spin of its mate is in the opposite direction. Quantum entanglement allows qubits that are separated by incredible distances to interact with each other instantaneously (not limited to the speed of light). No matter how great the distance between the correlated particles, they will remain entangled as long as they are isolated.

Quantum Entanglement

In July, the US Department of Energy unveiled a blueprint for the first <a href="https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/technology/digital-world/quantum-internet-explained/">quantum internet </a>, connecting several of its National Laboratories across the country. A quantum internet would be able to transmit large volumes of data across immense distances at a rate that exceeds the speed of light . You can imagine all the applications that can benefit from such speed. Traditional computer data is coded in either zeros or ones. Quantum information is superimposed in both zeros and ones simultaneously. Academics, researchers and IT professionals will need to create devices for the

Quantum Teleportation: Paving the Way for a Quantum Internet

quantum routers, quantum repeaters, quantum gateways, quantum hubs, and other quantum tools. A whole new industry will be born based on the idea of quantum internet exists in parallel to the current ecosystem of companies we have in regular internet. The “traditional internet “, as the regular internet is sometimes called, will still exist. It is expected that large organizations will rely on the quantum internet to safeguard data, but that individual consumers will continue to use the classical internet.

Experts predict that the financial sector will benefit from the quantum internet when it comes to securing online transactions. The healthcare sectors and the public sectors are also expected to see benefits. In addition to providing a faster, safer internet experience, quantum computing will better position organizations to solve complex problems, like supply chain management. Furthermore, it will expedite the exchange of vast amounts of data, and carrying out large-scale sensing experiments in astronomy, materials discovery and life sciences.

What Experts Say

Quantum teleportation is a technique for transferring quantum information from a sender at one location to a receiver some distance away.

history

History

artsandculture

Society, Arts & Culture

space

Space

Quantum Teleportation: Facts and Myths | OpenMind

It basically talks about the possible fundamental particle of mass, and the presence of other dimensions of space-time.

What is string theory?

<ul><li>The problem faced in newtonian physics(and by Newton himself) was that, although he could mathematically calculate gravitational pull, he was baffled by HOW this gravitational force was exerted through an inert medium like space on a celestial object so far apart.</li></ul>But it could be successfully, mathematically be applied to astonomy, except for the 'how'.

Newtonian physics

Now, coming to Einstein's era,he postulated that,<ul><li>space time has got 4 dimensions(including time), (like Newton did), but he also managed to explain the how, which Newton couldn't.</li></ul>According to Einstein, <ul><li>without any matter on the fabric of space time, it appears to be flat and linear</li><li> when matter is present, this space-time fabric warps and curves around that matter, alongwhich gravity attracts.(check pic)</li></ul>

Einstein's theory

<ul><li> Theodor Kaluza, theorized that electromagnetism(just like gravity) exerts its effects as warps and curves in a 5th dimension (including time).</li><li> Furthermore, using the assumption of the existence of a 5th dimension, he could also successfully mathematically derive out, not only einsteins equation, but also the equation for electromagnetism.</li></ul> That is it formed the basis of a unified theory, where every other physical theories could be derived from.

 Kaluza-Klein theory(KK theory) : Kaluza part

<ul><li>Oskar Klein, went a step ahead to postulate that there are relatively smaller dimensions which are curled up, located at a microscopic level of the larger dimensions. </li><li>just like how an electric cable from afar seems to be single dimension, but for small ants on the cable, there are much more dimensions(clockwise/anticlockwise) to that cable than a single dimension as perceived by the observor.</li></ul> <ul><li>That is according to Klein, ultramicroscopic enlargement of the visible dimensions could lead to the demonstration of, curled up microscopic dimensions.(check image)</li></ul>

  Kaluza-Klein theory(KK theory) : Klein part

Coming to the present era,<ul><li>Superstring theory - Talks about the smallest, indivisible entity which makes up space.</li><li>i.e. We know, matter is made of atoms, which is composed of a nucleus, a proton and an electron. We have even gone further and found that, these micro particles are made of packets of energy called quarks.</li></ul>

Superstring theory

<ul><li>According to string theory, quarks are actually constituted of dancing, filament like form of energy, which looks like a vibrating string. </li><li>And these can vibrate in different patterns(frequencies), leading to production of different types of particles based on the vibrating frequency. </li></ul>This is the ultramicroscopic landscape of the universe. The matter within matter.

<ul><li>Mathematically speaking, a very fascinating result was obtained, while applying and trying to incorporate Newtons, Einstein's equations.</li><li>The string theory equation holds true mathematically in a scenario involving 10 dimensions of space and 1 dimension of time(i.e. a 11 dimensional system), which has not yet being observed by man</li><li>The discovery and exploration of these extra dimensions could also hold the answer to why the 20(actually 26) <a href="https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.codata.org%2Fuploads%2Fimages%2FTable%25201-CODATA%2520Recommended%2520Values%2520of%2520Fundamental%2520Physical%2520Constants%25202014.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fcodata.org%2Fcodata-recommended-values-of-the-fundamental-physical-constants-2014%2F&tbnid=vz1jX8rjxOjTaM&vet=1&docid=OX1uvsqAeHzkPM&w=2156&h=1446&itg=1&hl=en-IN&source=sh%2Fx%2Fim">fundamental constants</a> have such distinct values which are relevant to the decimal.</li></ul>

String theory's mathematical implication

<ul><li>The geometrical shape of the ultramicroscopic landscape, is called as Calabi Yau manifold, and is postulated to be one which folds in on itself.(see pic) </li><li>The shape of the landscape is thought to be what determines how the filaments of energy vibrate. </li></ul>

 Geometry of the ultramicroscopic landscape

<ul><li>Since, we have only observed the existence of 4 dimensions(including time), but have mathematically figured out the existence of 7 more dimensions, many experiments are being conducted to empirically observe them.</li><li>One such experiment, done in the large hadron collider, where, particles moving near the speed of light are allowed to collide head on, to see if any resulting debris (called as gravitan) enters into any of these unknown dimensions.(This is calculated by measuring the total energy before and after the collison, lesser energy after the collision implies energy has been lost somewhere).</li></ul>

Realisation of string theory

The essence of the fascinating string theory. 

Physicist Brian Greene explains superstring theory, the idea that minuscule strands of energy vibrating in 11 dimensions create every particle and force in the universe. View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/brian-greene-on-string-theory Talk by Brian Greene.

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Physicist Brian Greene explains superstring theory, the idea that minuscule strands of energy vibrating in 11 dimensions create every particle and force in the universe. 

View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/brian-greene-on-string-theory

Talk by Brian Greene.

String theory - Brian Greene

We didn’t always have the attention span of a goldfish, but today it sure seems that way.
Imagine our memory had been so bad, once we finally became old enough to pass on knowledge from generation to generation.
We wouldn’t be here today, had the elders not remembered a few important things.
Before the invention of scripture, memory artists were today’s equivalent of quarterbacks. King Cyrus of Persia was known for knowing all the names of his soldiers, and Socrates mocked writing for making people forgetful.

Memory Has Become Less And Less Important Throughout History

Anything that was written before 200 BC had no punctuation, all texts were basically just word strings. If you didn’t already know what you were reading, reading was useless.
In 1440, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, and it was all downhill from there.
Once we could store information externally, physically store it anywhere in our house and access it at any time, the need to remember things significantly declined.
This tendency has continued ever since, and taken a major turn for the worse with the invention of smartphones and the globally available internet.

The History Of Declining Memory

However, just because our memory sucks now doesn’t mean we can’t improve it. We know that the average number of list items we can store in our short-term memory is seven, though that can be increased with practice.
Through repetition, practice and becoming an expert in certain fields you can increase your capacity to remember things.

Memory Isn't Fixed

Chunking simply means dividing one string of information into several.
Can you remember 1117200112241999 just by looking at it once? Most people can't; but we can remember 2 dates in a row: 11/17/2001 and 12/24/1999.
By creating 2 chunks of differently formatted information, memorizing a string of seemingly random numbers becomes easy.
If you now put these dates into context, it’ll be even easier: if for example 11/17/2001 was your friend’s 11th birthday and the second date was Christmas 1999.

How To Recall Better: Chunking

The memory palace is a technique where you walk along a route you know really well, and put memories in certain locations along the way.
For example, you could go through your childhood home and place the items from your shopping list on the kitchen table. Then, when you’re in the grocery store, all you have to do is to mentally enter the kitchen and see what’s there.
Once you see tomatoes, onions and potatoes on the table, you know what to shop for. You can even have multiple routes for different kinds of memories.

How To Recall Better: The Memory Palace Technique

Regular practice simply isn’t enough. To improve, we must watch ourselves fail, and learn from our mistakes.

Improving your long lost trait: Remembering

Citing costly memory-related inconveniences suffered by average individuals, a science journalist chronicles his own struggles with chronic forgetfulness and his life-changing year in memory training, in a guide that shares historical lore and ancient memory techniques.

Moonwalking with Einstein: The Art and Science of Remembering Everything

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