Physics is the world of experiments and ideas. These ideas however, or any idea, always need a Foundation. Yes, this is, the Basics, or the roots. To transport ideas, like water and nutrients by the stem, we need the roots. And, then goes the potential or energy made by your brain, or the leaves. Here, we have the Basic Physics to keep in mind: 1. Physics is the subject, which deals with How the World works. 2. Physics has no Right or Wrong. Only thoughts, which can be called accurate by the evidence. 3. Pondering Questions, is a priority. We'll get into the subject more soon! :)

A Good Idea - For the Basics of Physics

Let's say, we all went to a picnic, all together. There it was, then we got lost. One of you said "Weren't we on the right Direction?" another one asks, "The Distance doesn't seem completed... ". Somehow, more unfortune had to happen. The Speed was of a turtle, and the direction was the same, no idea of where we were. And then, we stopped. The Tempureature! An evening, so warm, that nothing could survive in. Our car's Mass was probably, magical to still support people.

Scalar and Vector Quantities 

The paragraph mentioned above, is a nice start to get around the most important and basic parts of Physics. In it, I obviously mentioned some Physic-y words, but there's not Just, Distance, Speed, Mass, Temperature. Now the two Basic Parts, are: Scalar and Vector Quantities. Scalar represents the quantites such as Distance, Speed, Mass, Temperature without direction. The opposite is the Vector Quantity. It represents every quantity with directions. But some Quantites, such as Mass and Temperature are Just scalar. There are many fancy words for Vector Quantity as Displacement, Velocity.

What Do You Observe? 

To make you more clear of this, we can have the following Differences: I walked 49 Metres. I walked 49 Metres West. The first line, mentions the distance, the second line is similar to the first one, except it mentions the direction. Now another example, My speed was 24 Km/hr My Speed was 24 Km/hr at East. This is the difference between Scalar and Vector quantity. A little harder is the Second Idea :)

Clear Understanding

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

Physics

Modern science credits the atomic theory to an English chemist and physicist named John Dalton (1766-1844). However, not many people are aware that a theory of atoms was formulated approximately 2500 years before Dalton by an Indian sage and philosopher named Acharya Kanada.   Acharya Kanada, originally known by the name of Kashyap, is believed to have been born either around 600 BC or 800 BC in Prabhas Kshetra near Dwaraka in present day Gujarat, India.  He was the son of a philosopher named Ulka.

7. Acharya Kanada 

Kashyap displayed a keen sense of detail since childhood and minute things attracted his attention.As a young boy, he once accompanied his father on a pilgrimage to Prayaga. He noticed that thousands of pilgrims in the town were littering its roads with flowers and grains of rice which they offered at the temples by the shore of river Ganges. Fascinated by the tiny particles, Kashyap began collecting the grains of rice from the ground while everyone else was busy offering prayers or bathing in the Ganges. Noticing this behaviour from a boy of a well-to-do family, an inquisitive crowd gathered

Acharya Kanada's Childhood 

around him and started wondering why he was acting in such a strange manner. When questioned about why he was collecting grains of rice that even a beggar wouldn’t touch,Kashyap replied that one grain in itself may seem worthless but a collection of some hundred grains make up a person’s meal. The collection of many meals would feed an entire family and ultimately the entire mankind was made up of many families.And for this reason alone,a single grain of rice was as important as all the riches in the world.People started calling him Kanada after this incidence as ‘kan’the smallest particle.

....

It was Kanada who first realized the idea that “anu” (atom) was an indestructible particle of matter.  This theory occurred to him while he was walking with food in his hand.  As he nibbled at the food in his hand, throwing away the small particles one by one until he was unable to break it down anymore and it left a smell on his hands.  He realized that he could not divide the food into further parts and the realization of a matter which cannot be divided further came into existence.

Anu (Atom) Indestructible Particle

He called this indivisible matter, “anu” which literally means atom. He founded the Vaisheshika School of philosophy where he taught his ideas and the nature of the universe.  He authored the text “Vaisesika Sutras” or Aphorisms, pioneering theatomic theory, describing dimension, motion and chemical reactions of atoms. Acharya Kanada considered the atom minute objects invisible to the naked eye which come into being and vanished in an instant; they were indestructible and hence eternal.

Vaisheshika School And Vaisheshika Sutra

Adherents of this philosophy further held that atoms of same substance combined with each other to produce dvyanuka (bi-atomic molecules) and tryanuka (tri-atomic molecules). This devinuka has the properties similar to those of the two original paramanu. Kanada also put forward the idea that atoms could be combined in various ways to produce chemical changes in presence of other factors such as heat. He gave blackening of earthen pot and ripening of fruit as examples of this phenomenon.

Kanada's Atomic Theory

His primary area of study was Rasavādam, considered to be a type of alchemy. He is said to have believed that all living beings are composed of five elements: water, fire, earth, air, ether. Vegetables have only water, insects have water and fire, birds have water, fire, earth and air, and Humans, the top of the creation, have ether—the sense of discrimination (time, space, mind) are one. He theorized that Gurutva (Hindi/Sanskrit for Gravity) was responsible for the falling of objects on the Earth.

Gurutva ( Gravity)

Accordingly, the universe is the interplay of seven aspects or states of material things, namely: <ol><li>Dravyam (matter) </li><li>Guna (Quality) </li><li>Karma (Action) </li><li>Samanya (Generic species) </li><li>Vishesha (Unique trait) </li><li>Samavaya (Inherence or integrated part of the whole), and </li><li>Abhava (Non-existence) </li> </ol>

7 States Of Material Things

<ol><li>Prithvi (Earth) </li><li>Jala (Water) </li><li>Teja (Light) </li><li>Vaayu (Gas) </li><li>Aakaasa (Ether) </li><li>Dika (Direction / space dimension) </li><li>Kaala (Time) </li><li>Maanas (Mind) </li><li>Atma (Soul) </li></ol>Kanada defined‘life’ as an organized form of atoms and molecules and ‘death’ as an unorganized form of those atoms and molecules.

Dravyam (matter) is again subdivided into nine aspects: 

The school founded by Kanada explains the creation and existence of the universe by proposing an atomistic theory, applying logic and realism, and is one of the earliest known systematic realist ontology in human history.Kanada suggested that everything can be subdivided, but this subdivision cannot go on forever, and there must be smallest entities (parmanu) that cannot be divided, that are eternal, that aggregate in different ways to yield complex substances and bodies with unique identity, a process that involves heat, and this is the basis for all material existence.

Systematic Realist Ontology

He used these ideas with the concept of Atman (soul, Self) to develop a means to moksha. If viewed from the prism of physics, his ideas imply a clear role for the observer as independent of the system being studied. Kanada's ideas were influential on other schools of Hinduism, and over its history became closely associated with the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy.

Concept Of Atman 

Multiple Hindu texts dated to the 1st and 2nd century CE, such as the Mahavibhasa and Jnanaprasthana from the Kushan Empire, quote and comment on Kanada's doctrines.His ideas are also mentioned in Buddhist texts attributed to Aśvaghoṣa of the same period.In Jainism literature, he is referred to as Sad-uluka, which means "the Uluka who propounded the doctrine of six categories".His Vaisheshika philosophy similarly appears with alternate names, such as "Aulukya philosophy" derived from the nickname Uluka (literally owl, or grain eater in the night).

Influence And Mentions

Kanada was influential in Indian philosophies, and he appears in various texts by alternate names such as Kashyapa, Uluka, Kananda, Kanabhuk among others.The ideas of Kanada span a wide range of fields, and they influenced not only philosophy, but possibly scholars in other fields such as Charaka who wrote a medical text that has survived as Charaka Samhita.National Aeronautical Laboratory in Bangalore runs a science magazine in this great philosopher’s name called Kanada.

Acharya Kanada, originally known by the name of Kashyap, is believed to have been born either around 600 BC or 800 BC in Prabhas Kshetra near Dwaraka in

philosophy

Philosophy

personaldevelopment

Personal Development

problemsolving

Problem Solving

Acharya Kanada: The Father of Atomic Theory

An earthquake is the shaking of the ground caused by the sudden release of energy in the form of waves called seismic waves. The location in the Earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter or also known as focus. The surface directly above the focus is called epicenter. Seismic waves from earthquakes are used by scientists to study what our planet Earth is actually made up of.(Please see the figure above for clear details)

📚What Is Seismic Waves Exactly?

The Earth is divided into three layers: the Crust, the Mantle, and the Core. The crust is the Earth's outermost, thinnest, rocky layer, where we live. The layer beneath the crust is known as the mantle. It is the thickest and is primarily composed of semi-molten rock known as magma. This granite is hard in the upper mantle, but as it descends, it begins to dissolve and become softer. The core is the hottest layer and is separated into two parts: the outer core, which is liquid, and the inner core, which is solid. (Please see the figure above for clear details)

Layers Of Earth 🌎

Seismic waves move at different speeds depending on the materials they are encountering. Earthquakes cause different types of seismic waves: BODY WAVES and SURFACE WAVES. The surface waves can only travel through Earth’s surface while body waves, on the other hand, can travel through the inner layers of the Earth.

Different Types of Seismic Waves 🌊

Waves travelling through Earth’s surface are the surface waves. The surface waves are the slowest travelling seismic waves and arrive after the body waves. They are responsible for the damage and destruction related with earthquakes. There are two types of surface waves: LOVE WAVES and RAYLEIGH WAVES. The love waves are the fastest surface waves and cause the ground to move from side to side while Rayleigh waves are the slowest of the seismic waves and cause the ground to roll like ocean wave.(Please see the figure above for clear details)

📍Two types of surface waves

There are two types of body waves. The first type of body wave is the P (Primary) wave. P waves are the fastest travelling seismic wave, push and pull the materials they encounter, the first wave you feel in an earthquake and can move through solids and liquids.The second type of body wave is the S (Secondary) wave. S waves move slower than P waves but faster than the surface waves, move the materials they encounter up and down, arrive after the P waves and can move only through solids.(Please see the figure above for clear details)

📍Two Types of Body Waves

The waves of energy that travel through the Earth because of earthquakes enable scientists to tell us a lot about the internal structure of the Earth. Seismic waves move at different speeds when they travel through different types of materials they are encountering. As the body waves travel through the Earth, the waves are bent by the different materials that make up the Earth. The bending of waves is similar to the bending of light waves as they travel through a prism.

⚡️Waves of Energy

These ideas I’ve made had become a profound significance in the learning of education. To be prepared and sum up all what we learned is what we need when calamities strike in our country 📖

When an earthquake occurs, the shockwaves of released energy that shake the Earth and temporarily turn soft deposits, such as clay, into jelly (liquefaction) are called seismic waves, from the Greek ‘seismos’ meaning ‘earthquake’. Seismic waves are usually generated by movements of the Earth’s tectonic plates but may also be caused by explosions, volcanoes and landslides.

Seismic waves

In psychoanalytic theory, ego defenses are unconscious processes that we deploy to diffuse the fear and anxiety that arise when who we think we are or who we think we should be (our conscious ‘superego’) comes into conflict with who we really are (our unconscious ‘id’).There are a great number of ego defenses, and the combinations and circumstances in which one uses them reflect on one's personality. One could go so far as to argue that the self is nothing but the sum of its ego defenses. While people cannot entirely escape from ego defenses, they can gain some insight into how they use them.

Self Deception Or, Ego Defences

The basic form of dissociation is called isolation of affect. This involves a dissociation of thoughts and feelings, with the feelings (the affect) then removed from conscious <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/attention">attention </a>to leave only the thoughts.

Dissociation’s Basic Form: Isolation Of Feelings

Isolation of affect is probably most apparent when someone refers to an emotionally loaded event or situation in a casual, matter-of-fact, or otherwise dispassionate way. This can be called for in certain circumstances, for example, in providing the distance and objectivity that a physician needs to make the right or best decisions about the care of her patients. On the other hand, too much detachment does not make for a good physician, and, like most psychological processes, detachment is best if it can be conscious and pragmatic rather than rigid and defensive.

Isolation Of Affect: A Useful Self-Defence But Only If…

Isolation of affect is very common. Other forms of dissociation, while much more dramatic, are correspondingly less common. They are usually precipitated by an intensely <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/trauma">traumatic </a>event, leading to a disruption in the normally integrated functions of consciousness, <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/memory">memory</a>, <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/identity">identity</a>, and perception. These dissociative disorders, as they are called in modern classifications of mental disorders, may involve overlapping phenomena such as amnesia, possession trance, and stupor.

Dissociation’s Other, Less Common, But More Dramatic, Forms

In dissociative amnesia, the person suffers a loss of memory, most commonly for the period surrounding the traumatic event. Such a condition has long been recognized. Already in the first century, the naturalist Pliny the Elder remarked that, ‘Nothing whatever, in man, is of so frail a nature as the memory; for it is affected by disease, by injuries, and even by fright; being sometimes partially lost, and at other times entirely so.’

Dissociative Disorder: Amnesia

In possession trance, the person reacts to the traumatic event by entering a dissociative state in which her identity is replaced by that of another person, animal, or inanimate object, or, more commonly, by a ghost, spirit, or deity. In many cultures, certain forms of trance are recognized, accepted, and even exalted as expressions of religious fervor or manifestations of the divine. Possession trance, therefore, should only be considered problematic, or potentially problematic, if it is not sanctioned by the person’s culture or sub-culture.

Dissociative Disorder: Possession Trance

In dissociative stupor, the person reacts to the traumatic event by becoming immobile and mute, failing to respond to stimuli such as the human voice, bright lights, or extremes of hot and cold. Dissociative stupor—that is, stupor as a reaction to a traumatic event—is but one form of stupor, and it is important for the medical team to rule out other causes of stupor such as severe <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/depression">depression</a>, schizophrenia, and organic brain disease.

Dissociative Disorder: Dissociative Stupor

A fourth kind of dissociative disorder is dissociative fugue, in which the person embarks on an unexpected journey that may last for up to several months. During this journey, there is memory loss and confusion about personal identity or even assumption of another, entirely different identity. And once the fugue ends, the memory of the journey is lost.

Dissociative Disorder: Dissociative Fugue

It should be borne in mind that, just like dissociative fugue, revenge and fame can also be construed as ego defenses. Agatha Christie, the world’s most famous mystery writer, pulled a, now, famous vanishing act. On a cold December night in 1926, she went out in her beloved Morris Cowley roadster and didn’t return home for 11 days.Her mother, to whom she had been very close, had died some months earlier, and her husband was having an affair which he made little effort to disguise.

Dissociative Fugue, Revenge, Fame And… Agatha Christie?

Agatha never discussed this perplexing episode and also excluded it from her biography. Perhaps she contrived it as an act of revenge, maybe even as a publicity stunt, but a dissociative fugue is an equally likely explanation and also the one upheld by her then doctors. In Agatha’s (telling?) own words, ‘Most successes are unhappy people. That’s why they are successes—they have to reassure themselves about themselves by achieving something that the world will notice… The happy people are failures because they are on such good terms with themselves that they don’t give a damn.’

Dissociative Fugue: A Result Of Trauma. And Of Fame And Success.

<a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/denial">Denial </a>is, of course, an important component of any dissociative disorder. Although commonly described as a ‘<a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/compartmentalization">compartmentalization </a>of experience’, dissociative disorders are, perhaps, nothing more than an extreme form of denial.As our journey into self-deception has begun to reveal, ego defenses do not, for the most part, exist in splendid isolation, but involve a great deal of overlap between mutually reinforcing ego defenses.

Denial And Dissociation - The Overlap Between Ego Defences

We deceive ourselves to protect ourselves, but the fact remains: we deceive ourselves; and, so, we harm ourselves. We can’t do a lot about it, but maybe we can do a little, if we know what it is that we do. A 10-part series.

The third installment in a new 10-part series on ego defenses.

Understand yourself and those around you.

psychology

Psychology

The Psychology of Self-Deception - Ego Defence 3 of 10: Dissociation

Parkinsonism is a disease that occurs when a person has symptoms and brain dysfunction commonly associated with Parkinson’s disease but also has other symptoms.A person with Parkinsonism will usually have another disorder causing additional neurological symptoms.<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">Parkinson's disease - Dysfunction and cell death of the portion of the brain that produces dopamine. </li><li class="ql-align-justify">Dopamine - Neurotransmitter that transmits signals between brain and nerve. It is partially responsible for making controlled movements in the body.</li></ul>

Parkinsonism: Introduction

A person with Parkinsonism usually starts developing symptoms at anywhere from <a href="http://www.utswmedicine.org/brain-spine/programs/parkinsonism/">50 to 80</a> years.<ul><li>difficulty showing facial expressions</li><li>muscle stiffness</li><li>slowed, affected movements</li><li>speech changes</li><li>tremor, especially of one hand</li></ul>* A person with Parkinsonism may have some, but not all of the above. Since they also have an additional disorder that affects the brain’s functioning.* For example, people with Parkinsonism often do not have the hand tremors that affect many people with Parkinson’s disease.

Parkinsonism: Symptoms

<ul><li>dementia.</li><li>issues with the autonomic nervous system, such as problems with controlled movements or spasms.</li><li>early problems in maintaining balance.</li><li>rapid onset and progression of symptoms.</li></ul>

Parkinsonism: Other Symptoms

<ol><li>Can be caused by Parkinson’s disease</li><li>Other-</li></ol><ul><li>Corticobasal degeneration :Causes dementia & affected movements,on one side. No controlled muscle movement</li><li>Dementia with Lewy bodies :Causes poor alertness,visual hallucinations</li><li>Multiple system atrophy :Affects coordination & autonomic dysfunction(bowel-bladder incontinence)</li><li>Progressive supranuclear palsy :Causes dementia, frequent backward fall</li></ul>3. Vascular Parkinsonism causes multiple, small strokes<a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7624.php"> </a>affecting person’s balance &memory4. Drug-induced Parkinsonism by Aripiprazole/Abilify, Haloperidol/Haldol & metoclopramide/Reglan

Parkinsonism: Causes

Being a medical field student, I feel it's necessary to make people aware of various problems.

Parkinsonism is a condition that causes some symptoms of Parkinson’s disease alongside those of another disorder. We also look at diagnosis and treatment.

health

Health

Parkinsonism: Symptoms, treatment, and diagnosis

Repression can be thought of as "motivated forgetting:" the active but <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/unconscious">unconscious </a>forgetting of unacceptable drives, emotions, ideas, or memories. Unsurprisingly, repression is often confused with denial. Whereas denial relates to external stimuli, repression relates to internal, that is, mental, stimuli. Nonetheless, denial and repression often work together and may be difficult to disentangle.

Repression: Motivated Forgeting

<a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/freudian-psychology">Freud </a>thought of repression as the basic ego defense, since it is only when repression is fragile or failing that other ego defenses come into play to reinforce and rescue it. Put differently, repression is an essential component or building block of the other ego defenses. To understand this, let’s look at an example of the ego defense of distortion, which is the reshaping of reality to suit one’s inner needs. A <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/adolescence">teenager </a>who has been dumped by her boyfriend no longer recalls this episode (repression) and instead believes that it is she who dumped him (distortion).

Repression: The Basic Ego Defence

Repressed material, though unconscious, is no less present, and can (and usually does) resurface in disturbing forms. As well as a lack of insight and understanding, the inability to process and come to terms with repressed material is associated with a range of psychological problems such as poor <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/attention">concentration</a>, irritability, <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/insomnia">insomnia</a>, nightmares, and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/depression">depression </a>; maladaptive and destructive patterns of behaviour such as anger and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/anger">aggression </a>in the face of reminders of the repressed material; and any number of superimposed ego defenses.

The Repressed Material Resurfaces - With A Vengeance

"<a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/neuroticism">Neurosis </a>” is an old-fashioned term that essentially describes the various forms in which repressed material can resurface (poor concentration, irritability, anxiety, and so on). In Studies on Hysteria (1895), Sigmund Freud and his colleague Josef Breuer first formulated the theory that neuroses have their origins in deeply <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/trauma">traumatic </a>and consequently repressed experiences.

Repression - Trauma - Neurosis

Treatment, argued Freud and Breuerrequires the patient to recall these repressed experiences into consciousness and confront them once and for all, leading to a sudden and dramatic outpouring of emotion ("catharsis") and the attainment of insight. In the course of treatment, the patient is likely to display "resistance" in the form of changing the topic, blanking out, falling asleep, arriving late, or missing appointments. In fact, such behavior merely suggests that he/ she is close to recalling repressed material but, for the moment, still afraid of doing so.

Repression - Catharsis - Insight

The mental operation of suppression is similar to repression but with one crucial difference, namely, the "forgetting" is conscious rather than unconscious. Thus, suppression is the conscious and often rational decision to put an uncomfortable (although not totally unacceptable) stimulus to one side, either to deal with it at a later time or to abandon it altogether on the grounds that it is not worth dealing with. As it is a conscious operation, suppression is not, strictly speaking, a form of self-deception, but rather the conscious analog of repression.

Repression VS Suppression

A couple of friends who are holidaying with a number of other people start arguing and completely lose their tempers. The next day, they put their differences to one side and behave as though nothing had happened so as not to cast a cloud over the group and ruin the holiday. That day, they share some good times and special moments, and by the evening it has become safe enough to bring up the argument and put it behind them. By dealing with their argument like this, they have deepened rather than undermined their <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/friends">friendship </a>.

An Example Of Suppression

The second installment in a new 10-part series on ego defenses.

The Psychology of Self-Deception - Ego Defence 2 of 10: Repression

<ol><li>Set an overall goal, and as many subgoals as are realistically feasible.</li><li>To find ways of measuring progress in terms of the goals choosen.</li><li>To keep concentrating on what one is doing and to keep making finer and finer distinctions in the challenges involved in the activity.</li><li>To develop the skills necessary to interact with the opportunities available.</li><li>To keep raising the stakes if the activity becomes boring.</li></ol>

Essential Steps To Experience Flow

These questions were answered with the Experience Sampling Method (ESM)<ul><li>When people are pursuing leisure activities that were expensive such as power boating, driving or watching television - they are significantly less happy.</li><li>People are happiest when they are talking to one another, when they gardened, knitted or are involved in a hobby.</li></ul>

Happiness Index: Material Resources Vs Investment In Oneself?

<ol><li>Yama: one must achieve restraint from acts and thoughts that might harm others.</li><li>Niyama: obedience, follow routines in cleanliness, study and obedience to God. Help channel attention into predictable patterns and hence make attention easier to control.</li><li>Asana: ways of sitting and holding postures for long periods without succumbing to strain or fatigue.</li><li>Pranayama: breath control, aims to relax the body and stabilizes the rhythm of breathing.</li><li>Pratyahara: Withdrawal, learning to withdraw attention from outward objects by directing the input of the senses.</li></ol>

Achieving Flow: 8 Different Stages Of Yoga

6. Dharana : holding on, is the ability to concentrate for long periods on a single stimulus and thus is the mirror image of the earlier stage of pratyahara.7. Dhyana: one learns to forget the self in uninterrupted concentration that no longer needs the external stimuli of the preceding phase.8. Samadhi : self collectedness, when the meditator and the object of meditation become as one.

<ul><li>Keeping order in mind from within is very difficult. </li><li>Person needs external goals, stimulation, feedback to keep attention directed. </li><li>When external input is lacking, attention begins to wander and thoughts become chaotic.</li></ul>

Why Is Loneliness A Negative Experience?

1. Unselfconscious self assurance: the recognition that one's goals may have to be subordinated to a greater entity.2. Focusing attention on the world: Concentrate on the internal disorder: but by paying attention to what is happening around oneself instead, the destructive effects of stress are lessened.3. Discovery of new solutions:a. Focus attention on the obstacles to achieving one's goals and then move them out of the way, thereby restoring harmony in consciousness.b. To discover whether alternative goals may not be more appropriate and thus find different solutions possible.

Why Some People Gain Strength From Stress?

THE BESTSELLING CLASSIC ON 'FLOW' – THE KEY TO UNLOCKING MEANING, CREATIVITY, PEAK PERFORMANCE, AND TRUE HAPPINESS Legendary psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi's famous investigations of "optimal experience" have revealed that what makes an experience genuinely satisfying is a state of consciousness called flow. During flow, people typically experience deep enjoyment, creativity, and a total involvement with life. In this new edition of his groundbreaking classic work, Csikszentmihalyi ("the leading researcher into ‘flow states’" —Newsweek) demonstrates the ways this positive state can be controlled, not just left to chance. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience teaches how, by ordering the information that enters our consciousness, we can discover true happiness, unlock our potential, and greatly improve the quality of our lives. "Explores a happy state of mind called flow, the feeling of complete engagement in a creative or playful activity." —Time

productivity

Productivity

“Csikszentmihalyi arrives at an insight that many of us can intuitively grasp, despite our insistent (and culturally supported) denial of this truth. That is, it is not what happens to us that determines our happiness, but the manner in which we make sense of that reality. . . . The manner in which Csikszentmihalyi integrates research on consciousness, personal psychology and spirituality is illuminating.” —Los Angeles Times Book ReviewThe bestselling classic that holds the key to unlocking meaning, creativity, peak performance, and true happiness. Legendary psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi's famous investigations of "optimal experience" have revealed that what makes an experience genuinely satisfying is a state of consciousness called flow. During flow, people typically experience deep enjoyment, creativity, and a total involvement with life. In this new edition of his groundbreaking classic work, Csikszentmihalyi ("the leading researcher into ‘flow states’" —Newsweek) demonstrates the ways this positive state can be controlled, not just left to chance. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience teaches how, by ordering the information that enters our consciousness, we can discover true happiness, unlock our potential, and greatly improve the quality of our lives.

Mihaly Robert Csikszentmihalyi was a Hungarian-American psychologist. He recognized and named the psychological concept of "flow", a highly focused mental state conducive to productivity. He was the Distinguished Professor of Psychology and Management at Claremont Graduate University.

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

Flow

Sushruta, or Suśruta was an ancient Indian physician and surgeon known today as the “Father of Surgery” and “Father of Plastic Surgery” or "father of brain surgery" for inventing and developing surgical procedures.

5. Acharya Sushruta 

Sushruta Samhita is said to be the most comprehensive treatise written on surgical practice. The modern surgery is also said to be developed from the basics provided by Sushruta. Therefore Sushruta is considered to be the ‘Father of the Surgery’ . High regards and respects go to Sushruta for having developed the surgical methods covering all minute details in an era which lacked scientific advancements and technical help.

Father Of Surgery Sushruta 

Some specialties of Sushrut Samhita–Insistence on theoretical and practical perfection – Sushruta Samhita insists on comprehensive and extensive learning of both theoretical and practical aspects of medical profession, especially surgical knowledge if one needs to provide service to the mankind in the form of a capable doctor. Sushruta Samhita tells ‘The physicians should be well versed in both the aspects of theoretical and practical knowledge. Those who had knowledge only either in theory or practical, are not eligible for medical profession’

Sushruta Samhita specialities

Earlier anatomy and dissection – In Shusruta Samhita, Shareera Sthana (section which deals with anatomy of human body) it is mentioned that dissection of the dead body was conducted at first by Acharya Sushruta. It is stated that every medical student should also conduct dissection of dead body to comprehensively learn the anatomy. Dissection was conducted with ultimate precision during Sushruta’s period. Sushruta has also given details of dead body preservation.

Dissection Of Dead Body

This knowledge of anatomy enabled Sushruta to document every minute detail of theorgans, tissues, blood vessels, nerves,bones and joints etc, with reference to theirstructure, quantity, shape, size, capacity, location and dimensionsThis knowledge was thought to be mandatory for becoming a surgeon.

Minute Detail Of Theorgans 

Shusruta insists that the surgical procedures like incision, excision, suturing etc should not be practiced on the human body at the first attempt. He opines that these procedures should be first practiced thoroughly on props like flowers, fruits, toys etc during the course of learning the operative surgery. Once they are learnt with ultimate precision, the procedures shall be conducted on human body.

Surgical Procedure

Basti karma – Therapeutic enema is a speciality treatment of Ayurveda which is an ultimate remedy for Vata disorders and provides cure for many psycho-somatic disorders. Sushrutha emphasises that prior to performing ‘Vasti Karma’ one should have a perfect practice with the similar type of Vasti yantra (enema apparatus) made up of leather.Kshara and Agni karma – Practice of kshara karma(application of alkalis) and agni karma (cauterization)should be done on dead animals during the learning period. This means to tell that Agni and Kshara Karma should be practiced by applying them on dead animals

Basti , Kshara And Agni Karma

Sushruth was very popular for having conducted many Rhinoplasty’s (plastic surgery performed on the nose) successfully. Its origin is dedicated to Ayurveda, mainly Sushruth. The modern day Rhinoplasty is developed from Sushruta’s Rhinoplasty. All replacement operations which use flaps of skin in the immediate vicinity of the loss are known as ‘Indian Plastic Surgery’ .

Sushruta’s Rhinoplasty –

Sushruta Samhita was originally composed and written by Acharya Sushruta. In a later period Acharya Nagarjuna redacted it.The original Sushruta Samhita comprises of 120 chapters. These chapters are distributed in 5 divisions as mentioned below:Sutra Sthana Deals with fundamental principles of Ayurveda covered in 46 chapters.

Sushruta Samhita

Apart from the basic fundamentals of Ayurveda, Sutra Sthana also deals with topics including – preliminary preparations for surgery, various types of surgical instruments, use of kshara (alkalis), agni (fire cauterization), jalouka (leech application), daha karma (cauterization), collection and preservation of medicinal herbs, administration of emetics and purgatives, various types of food substances etc.

Use Of Various Types Of Surgical Instruments 

Deals with fundamental principles of Ayurveda covered in 46 chapters. Apart from the basic fundamentals of Ayurveda, Sutra Sthana also deals with topics including – preliminary preparations for surgery, various types of surgical instruments, use of kshara (alkalis), agni (fire cauterization), jalouka (leech application), daha karma (cauterization), collection and preservation of medicinal herbs, administration of emetics and purgatives, various types of food substances etc.

In Continuation 

Shareera Sthana–Deals with embryology and anatomy covered in 10 chapters.Chikitsa Sthana–Deals with principles of treatment of various diseases andPanchakarma techniques of treatment covered in 40 chaptersKalpa Sthana–Deals with toxicology covered in 8 chaptersUttara Tantra–Uttara Tantra is the 6thand the last division of Sushruta Samhita which has not been composed by Sushruta.It is believed to be an addition to the main treatise(original redactor)contributed by its redactor,Nagarjuna.It deals with various other subjects which were not discussed in the earlier divisions covered in 66 chapters

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Salient features of Sushruta Samhita – Surgery–Sushruta Samhita is an excellent reference for anatomy and surgery,unparalleledTheory of creation–The concept of Srishti Utpattti Krama(theory of cosmic evolution) resembles the concepts related to it as explained inSankhya philosophyEmbryology–Sushruta Samhita gives a clear-cut explanation of conception stating that the fertilization takes place by the union of sperm (shukra)and ovum(aartava).Sushruta also clarifies that though the fertilization(formation of Garbha)takes place by the union of sperm and ovum,its not sufficient for creation of life

Salient features

creation of life. The intervention of superior agent in the form of atma (soul or life element)is necessary.Sex determination on the basis of shape of the zygote (garbha) – Sushruta gives an opinion that the foetus (garbha) takes a recognizable shape in the 2nd month of pregnancy. Various shapes denote various types of sex. Spherical shape of the foetus indicates that the child is male and an elongated shape of the foetus tells us that the child is female. Apart from this, a tumour like shape (arbuda akara) of the foetus indicates that the child to be born would be a napunsaka (hermaphrodite).

Sex Determination 

Tridosha Theory or Humoral theory of Ayurveda – has been dealt in detail with special reference to physiological, pathological and therapeutic aspects. Nidra – Different types of nidra (sleep) and swapna (dreams) have been dealt in detail Kala – The important of Kala (time factor) in the creation and destruction of the world has been emphasised. He mentions time as self-existent and is responsible for the process of creation and dissolution of this universe. Sushruta also states that life and death are also functions of time.

Life and Death are Functions of Time.

Sushruta emphasised on the perfection on surgical methods. He pressed on the need of practical training in a complete way to make a good surgeon out of a doctor. He tells that only theoretical knowledge of surgery is not enough. In spite of having a good hold on surgical theory, one has to undergo extensive training and get practical exposure until he or she can confidently handle surgeries. Before conducting the surgery on the human body, Sushruta emphasises that it shall be practised on props and artificial objects like –

Theoretical Knowledge Isn't Enough 

<ul><li>Excisions (chedana) shall be practised on fruits and vegetables like alabu (cucumber, gourd etc)</li><li>Incisions (bhedana) should be practised on the urinary bladders and internal organs of dead animals, leather bags etc.</li><li>Scraping (lekhana) should be practised on the animal skin covered with hairs</li><li>Venesection (sira vyadha) should be practised on recently dead animals or stalks of water lily (kamala, kumuda) etc</li><li>Extraction (aaharana) should be practised on the bilwa majja (pulp of the fruit of Aegle marmelos)</li><li>Suturing (sevana) should be practised on thick piece of cloth or leather</li><li>Bandaging (bandhana)...</li></ul>

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Sushruta was also known as a medical authority in Tibetan literature. Sushruta considered surgery the first and foremost branch of medicine and stated that surgery has the superior advantage of producing instantaneous effects by means of surgical instruments and appliances and hence is the highest in value of all the medical tantras. It is the eternal source of infinite piety, imports fame, and opens the gates of heaven to its votaries. It prolongs the duration of human existence on earth and helps human in successfully completing their missions and wearing a decent competence in life.

Sushruta Considers Surgery-

Sushruta was also known as a medical authority in Tibetan literature. Sushruta considered surgery the first and foremost branch of medicine and stated that surgery has the superior advantage of producing instantaneous effects by means of surgical instruments and appliances and hence is the highest in value of all the medical tantras. It is the eternal source of infinite piety, imports fame, and opens the gates of heaven to its votaries. It prolongs the duration of human existence on earth and helps human in successfully completing their missions and wearing a decent competence in life.

Sushruta Samhita is said to be the most comprehensive treatise written on surgical and medicine practice. No wonder he is known as father of surgery. Legacy

history

History

Acharya Sushruta: Father of Surgery 

Quantum Computing is a form of computing that takes advantage of quantum mechanics to process information exponentially faster than classical computers.Classical computers use classical bits which can consist of either a 0 or a 1 to encode information.Quantum computers,on the other hand,qubits, like photons,atoms, ions, etc. to encode information into 2 distinguishable quantum states .Now you may be thinking, what’s the benefit of using qubits over classical bits? The answer lies in the ability of qubits to behave quantumly, specifically the quantum phenomena of superposition and entanglement.

What is Quantum Computing?

When a quantum system is in superposition, it can be a 0 or a 1 or a combination of both, at the same time. This allows a quantum computer to process information at a significantly higher rate than classical computers. For example, 4 regular bits can only represent 1 of the total 16 combinations at one time. 4 qubits in superposition, however, can be all 16 combinations at once!

Superposition

Entanglement is when a pair or group of quantum systems are strongly correlated, giving them the ability to be perfectly in unison, no matter how far apart they are. This means that quantum computers only need to measure 1 qubit and to figure out the value of the other qubit in the pair instantaneously because they are a part of the same entangled system.

Entanglement

An algorithm is essentially a series of steps to solve a problem. However, these steps are limited by the hardware on which the algorithm is being run on.For example,let's say we have written down the steps needed to find the derivative of a polynomial function. If we gave these directions to a mathematician they would easily be able to arrive at the correct answer, since they know calculus. If we gave these directions to a student that is currently learning calculus, they would also be able to arrive at the correct answer, but it would probably take a lot more time since they just barely have

Quantum Algorithms

the experience/knowledge needed. But, if we gave these instructions to a kindergartner, they would be very lost and wouldn’t arrive at an answer. There would probably just be scribbles on the page. In this example, the steps to calculate a derivative represents an algorithm, and the various people using them represent varying degrees of computing software. Just like how as the person became less and less knowledgeable on physics the efficiency of the steps to be carried decrease in the above analogy, so do computer algorithms.

Certain algorithms take much longer on classical computers that obey the laws of macro physics because their hardware may not be able to carry out some of the steps efficiently.

Simon’s problem was one of the first computational problems to prove that a quantum algorithm could solve a problem exponentially faster than a classical algorithm.This algorithm, although not providing much practical value on its own, inspired the Quantum Fourier Transforms in Shor’s algorithm, one of the most famous quantum algorithms of all time!

1. Simon’s Algorithm

Shor’s algorithm is by far one of the most famous quantum algorithms of all time, as it can factor integers in polynomial time. It was invented in 1994 by Peter Shor to solve the problem of finding the prime factors of a given number, N .Shor’s algorithm even has the potential to break modern public-key cryptography, like the widespread RSA cryptosystem, on an ideal quantum computer. RSA relies on the impossible nature of factoring the product of two prime numbers for a large enough number.

2. Shor’s Algorithm

However, this scenario is unlikely to happen in the near future because we still have a lot more progress to make in lowering quantum noise and quantum decoherence in current quantum computers.Still, Shor’s algorithm is an extremely efficient project in giving you a hands-on experience with using a quantum Fourier transform especially for those that are interesting in the intersection of QC and Cryptography!

The Deutsch-Jozsa Algorithm was to showcase how quantum algorithms can be exponentially faster than any possible deterministic classical algorithm.The algorithm itself doesn’t provide much practical use besides being specifically designed to be easy for a quantum algorithm and hard for any deterministic classical algorithm.The D-J problem consists of an oracle that implements a hidden boolean function, which takes as input a string of bits, and returns either 0 or 1.The D-J quantum algorithm produces an answer that is always correct with a single evaluation of the function.

3. Deutsch-Jozsa Algorithm

Lov Grover created this algorithm to solve the problem of an unstructured search. It can find the unique input to a black box function that produces a particular output value, using just O(sqrt N) evaluation of the function, N being the function’s domain.In other words, let's say we had a shuffled deck of cards and were tasked with finding 1 specific card. The classical algorithm would solve this by going through all the cards in the deck one by one, or N evaluations. On the other hand, Grover’s algorithm would only require O(sqrt N) evaluation to do the same job.

4. Grover’s Algorithm

Unlike the previous quantum algorithms mentioned, Grover’s algorithm only provides a quadratic speedup in evaluation time for unstructured searches, compared to their exponential speedup. Still, the amplitude amplification trick employed in Grover’s algorithm is extremely useful when trying to obtain quadratic run time improvements for a variety of other algorithms.

Continuing

The Bernstein-Vazirani Algorithm was invented by Ethan Bernstein and Umesh Vazirani in 1992. It is a restricted version of the Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm. The algorithm was created to solve a is So, let’s just say that we are given a box . Hidden in the box is a secret number. This “secret number” is represented by six bits made up of 0’s and 1’s. We need to figure out what the “secret number” is. Classically, a computer would find it most efficient to calculate the “secret number” by evaluating the function n times, where x = 2^i and i is the summation of 0, 1, … n-1.

5. Bernstein-Vazirani Algorithm

Now imagine if you could find out what the secret number is in one try, no matter its size. That’s exactly what running the Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm on a quantum computer allows you to do.

Quantum Computing is a form of computing that takes advantage of quantum mechanics to process information exponentially faster than classical computers. Classical computers use classical bits which…

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