In a new study published in the journal Personal Relationships , Alaei and Department of Psychology professors, Geoff Macdonald and Nicholas Rule, found that people's individual attachment styles correspond with the lyrics of their favorite songs. In other words, we tend to return to the tunes that spell out what we're going through in a relationship, for better or for worse.

Attachment Styles parallel to the lyrics of your favourite song

<ul><li>Anxiously attached people worry about being rejected and seek a lot of reassurance about their relationships.</li><li>Avoidant attached people respond to their negative expectations of relationships by closing off emotions and intimacy in favor of independence.</li><li>People with a mixed attachment style have confused expectations, fluctuating between clingy and cold.</li><li>Secure people have optimistic outlooks on relationships, and are open communicators and trust their partners.</li></ul>

4 Main Attachment Styles

According to the University of Toronto study, those who displayed Secure attachment styles favoured tracks that portrayed secure attachment in the lyrics like All of Me by John Legend Anxious attachment styles contrastingly went for songs like Someone like you by AdeleWhile, “Avoidants” chose songs like Irreplaceable by Beyoncé.

Music can be a powerful exacerbator of that because it can stir up deep emotions and memories, thus reinforcing your wounded traumas.

If we’re listening to music that reflects our relationship back at us, is that helping or hindering our relationship skills? 

Understand yourself and those around you.

psychology

Psychology

personaldevelopment

Personal Development

health

Health

loveandrelationships

Love & Relationships

New psychology research suggests your favorite songs reveal your attachment style

Nobody is immune to cognitive errors, unconscious thinking habits that lead to false conclusions or poor decisions. Mere mortals are prone to an array of common thinking errors and will consistently overestimate their chances of success, prefer stories to facts, confuse the message with the messenger, become overwhelmed by choices and ignore alternative options. Knowing these errors won’t help you avoid them completely, but it will help you make better decisions – or at least teach you where you slipped.

Introduction

Human beings are prone to cognitive errors, or barriers to clear, logical thinking. Everyone experiences flawed patterns in the process of reasoning. In fact, many of these common mistakes have a history that goes back centuries. Even experts fall prey to such glitches, which might explain why supposedly savvy financiers hold investments for too long. Identifying “systematic cognitive errors” will help you avoid them. Becoming familiar with these pitfalls will improve your ability to make astute decisions. Below are selections of cognitive errors to avoid their consequences:

It’s Normal as a Human to Have Errors

Tales of authors self-publishing bestsellers or college athletes signing with the major leagues for millions are so inspiring that people tend to overestimate their own chances of duplicating such career trajectories. This bias makes most folks focus on the few stars who soar, not the millions of ordinary humans who falter. This tendency is quite pernicious among investors and entrepreneurs. Dose yourself in reality and avoid this pitfall “by frequently visiting the graves of once-promising projects, investments and careers.”

1. Survivorship Bias

You admire the slim physique of a professional swimmer, so you head for the local pool, hoping that you, too, can attain such a sleek body. You’ve fallen prey to the swimmer’s body illusion that causes you to confuse “selection factors” with results. Does Michael Phelps have a perfect swimmer’s body because he trains extensively, or is he the world’s top competitive swimmer because he was born with a lean, muscular build? Does Harvard mold the world’s best and brightest, or do the smartest kids choose Harvard? These chicken-and-egg question arise between selection criteria and results.

2. Swimmer’s Body Illusion

The old saying about ‘throwing good money after bad’ expresses the heart of this fallacy: the tendency to persevere with a project once you’ve invested “time, money, energy or love” in it, even after the thrill or profit potential is gone. This is why marketers stick with campaigns that fail to show results, why investors hold stocks that keep losing value, and why Britain and France sunk billions into the Concorde aircraft when it was clearly a dud. When deciding how long you want to continue a project, exclude incurred costs from your evaluation and keep the good money

3. Sunk Cost Fallacy

People tend to discount information that conflicts with their beliefs. Executives emphasize evidence that their strategies work and rationalize away contrary indicators. Yet exceptions aren’t just outliers; they often disprove fixed ideas. If you’re an optimist, you’ll corroborate your positive viewpoint at every turn; if you’re a pessimist, you’ll find many reasons to see a situation negatively. People focus on feedback that fits their worldview. Protect yourself from this bias by emulating Charles Darwin, who researched every item that contradicted his previous findings.

4. Confirmation Bias

“Nature doesn’t seem to mind if our decisions are perfect or not, as long as we can maneuver ourselves through life – and as long as we are ready to be rational when it comes to the crunch.”

People find information easier to understand in story form. Facts are dry and difficult to remember; tales are engaging. People more easily find meaning in historical events, economic policy and scientific breakthroughs through stories. Relying on narratives to explain the world leads to story bias, which, unfortunately, distorts reality. The “fundamental attribution error” is a related misconception. People tend to give credit or blame to a person rather than a set of circumstances. Thus, CEOs receive undue credit for a firm’s profits, or crowds cheer coaches when teams win.

5. Story Bias

Say that a car was driving across a bridge when the structure collapsed. A journalist covers the story by finding out about the driver, detailing his backstory and interviewing him about the experience. This puts a face on the incident, something readers want and need. But it ignores other pertinent questions: What caused the bridge to fall? Are other bridges at risk? Have authorities looked into the bridge’s compliance with engineering regulations? To dispel the false sense of knowledge that news stories bestow, learn to read between the lines and ask the unspoken questions.

5. Story Bias (contd)

Most folks believe that they are intelligent and can make accurate predictions based on their knowledge. In most cases, they can’t. People, especially specialists and experts, overestimate how much they know. Economists are notoriously bad at predicting long-term stock market performance, for example. In spite of statistics to the contrary, restaurateurs believe their eateries will outperform the average, though most dining establishments close within three years. Counter this cognitive error by becoming a pessimist, at least in terms of plans that require your time or your hard-earned cash.

6. Overconfidence Effect

Nobel physicist Max Planck gave speech so often that his driver could recite it. He did one day, while Planck, wearing a driver's hat, sit with audience. Came a question the driver couldn’t answer, he pointed at Planck, “Such a simple question! My chauffeur will answer it!” People run under this thinking fallacy confuse the credibility of the message with the messenger. Warren Buffett counters this bias by investing only within what he calls his “circle of competence” – his awareness of what he knows &does not know. Real scholars see their limits, while pundits spin smoke-and-mirror theories.

7. Chauffeur Knowledge

A man wearing a red hat arrives at the city center every day at 9:00 a.m. and wildly waves his hat for five minutes. One day, a police officer asks what he’s doing. “I’m keeping the giraffes away,” he replies. “There aren’t any giraffes here,” the officer states. “Then I must be doing a good job,” responds the man. Like the red-hat guy, people take credit for influencing situations where they have little control. They pick lottery numbers because they believe they have a better chance of winning that way than with numbers the machine randomly assigns.

8. Illusion of Control

The illusion of control makes humans feel better. This is why “placebo buttons” work. People push a button at an intersection and wait patiently for a “walk” sign, even if the button is not connected to the signal. Ditch your red hat by differentiating between the things you can control and those you cannot.

8. Illusion of Control (contd)

Outcome bias, or “historian error,” is the tendency to evaluate decisions based on results, not processes. For example, in retrospect, it’s clear that the US should have evacuated Pearl Harbor before the Japan attacked. Decision to stay seems deplorable in light of today’s knowledge. Yet military higher-ups at the time had to decide amid contradictory signals. A bad result does not necessarily mean the decision was poor. Luck, timing and other external factors come into play. Avoid this bias by focusing on the process and data available at the time rather than concentrating solely on results.

9. Outcome Bias

Finding $100 would make you happy, but that happiness wouldn’t equal the distress you’d feel if you lost $100. The negative hit from a loss is stronger than the positive hit of a comparable gain; loss aversion explains why investors ignore paper losses and hold falling stocks. Marketers exploit loss aversion to sell. For example, persuading to buy stuffs by describing how much money they’ll lose without it is easier than getting them to buy it by showing the savings they’ll gain. This fear causes people to stay in their comfort zones with investments, personal risks and purchases.

10. Loss Aversion

Humans don’t think about all their alternatives when they contemplate an offer. Say that a city planning commission proposes building a sports arena on an empty lot. Supporters make the case that the arena would create jobs and generate revenue. They ask voters to decide between a vacant lot and an arena, but they don’t mention other options, like building a school. Making informed decisions means letting go of either-or choices. Ironically, modern people suffer from too many options. That’s the “paradox of choice.”

11. Alternative Blindness

Mark Twain famously quipped, “If your only tool is a hammer, all your problems will be nails.” This statement beautifully encapsulates this false reasoning habit. People want to solve problems with the  skills they have. A surgeon will recommend surgery not acupuncture. Generals opt for military engagement not diplomacy. The downside is that people sometimes use the wrong tools to try to solve problems. Check your toolbox for the right gear and the right cognitive framework.

12. Déformation Professionnelle

Dobelli shared some common thinking mistakes. Knowing these errors won’t help you avoid them completely, but it will help you make better decisions – or at least teach you where you slipped.

A world-class thinker counts the 100 ways in which humans behave irrationally, showing us what we can do to recognize and minimize these “thinking errors” to make better decisions and have a better life Despite the best of intentions, humans are notoriously bad—that is, irrational—when it comes to making decisions and assessing risks and tradeoffs. Psychologists and neuroscientists refer to these distinctly human foibles, biases, and thinking traps as “cognitive errors.” Cognitive errors are systematic deviances from rationality, from optimized, logical, rational thinking and behavior. We make these errors all the time, in all sorts of situations, for problems big and small: whether to choose the apple or the cupcake; whether to keep retirement funds in the stock market when the Dow tanks, or whether to take the advice of a friend over a stranger. The “behavioral turn” in neuroscience and economics in the past twenty years has increased our understanding of how we think and how we make decisions. It shows how systematic errors mar our thinking and under which conditions our thought processes work best and worst. Evolutionary psychology delivers convincing theories about why our thinking is, in fact, marred. The neurosciences can pinpoint with increasing precision what exactly happens when we think clearly and when we don’t. Drawing on this wide body of research, The Art of Thinking Clearly is an entertaining presentation of these known systematic thinking errors--offering guidance and insight into everything why you shouldn’t accept a free drink to why you SHOULD walk out of a movie you don’t like it to why it’s so hard to predict the future to why shouldn’t watch the news. The book is organized into 100 short chapters, each covering a single cognitive error, bias, or heuristic. Examples of these concepts include: Reciprocity, Confirmation Bias, The It-Gets-Better-Before-It-Gets-Worse Trap, and the Man-With-A-Hammer Tendency. In engaging prose and with real-world examples and anecdotes, The Art of Thinking Clearly helps solve the puzzle of human reasoning.

communication

Communication

books

Books

A world-class thinker counts the 100 ways in which humans behave irrationally, showing us what we can do to recognize and minimize these “thinking errors” to make better decisions and have a better life Despite the best of intentions, humans are notoriously bad—that is, irrational—when it comes to making decisions and assessing risks and tradeoffs. Psychologists and neuroscientists refer to these distinctly human foibles, biases, and thinking traps as “cognitive errors.” Cognitive errors are systematic deviances from rationality, from optimized, logical, rational thinking and behavior. We make these errors all the time, in all sorts of situations, for problems big and small: whether to choose the apple or the cupcake; whether to keep retirement funds in the stock market when the Dow tanks, or whether to take the advice of a friend over a stranger. The “behavioral turn” in neuroscience and economics in the past twenty years has increased our understanding of how we think and how we make decisions. It shows how systematic errors mar our thinking and under which conditions our thought processes work best and worst. Evolutionary psychology delivers convincing theories about why our thinking is, in fact, marred. The neurosciences can pinpoint with increasing precision what exactly happens when we think clearly and when we don’t.Drawing on this wide body of research, The Art of Thinking Clearly is an entertaining presentation of these known systematic thinking errors--offering guidance and insight into everything why you shouldn’t accept a free drink to why you SHOULD walk out of a movie you don’t like it to why it’s so hard to predict the future to why shouldn’t watch the news. The book is organized into 100 short chapters, each covering a single cognitive error, bias, or heuristic. Examples of these concepts include: Reciprocity, Confirmation Bias, The It-Gets-Better-Before-It-Gets-Worse Trap, and the Man-With-A-Hammer Tendency. In engaging prose and with real-world examples and anecdotes, The Art of Thinking Clearly helps solve the puzzle of human reasoning.

Rolf Dobelli is a Swiss author and businessman. He began his writing career as a novelist in 2002, but he is best known internationally for his bestselling non-fiction The Art of Thinking Clearly (2011, English 2013), for which The Times has called him "the self-help guru the Germans love".

Rolf Dobelli

The Art of Thinking Clearly

“Vulnerability sounds like truth and feels like courage. Truth and courage aren't always comfortable, but they're never weakness.”

<ul><li>Vulnerability is neither good nor bad. Rather, being vulnerable simply means you have the capacity to experience emotions. </li><li>Though we often associate vulnerability with dark emotions, like fear, grief, or sadness, vulnerability is, in fact, also the root of our positive emotions: love, joy, empathy, and so on.</li><li>Allowing yourself to be vulnerable shows strength and courage – not weakness.</li></ul>

Being vulnerable is not a sign of weakness

Vulnerability means uncertainty, risk, and emotional exposure. You might love someone, for example, and in doing so expose yourself emotionally; but you can never be certain that they'll reciprocate, thus you risk being rejected. Like any other feeling, love entails vulnerability.

What being vulnerable means

Embracing our vulnerability can help us to learn and develop, both professionally and socially.<ul><li>Social development: embracing vulnerability allows us to both experience our emotions authentically and be empathic, enabling us to connect with others. Just as you'd appreciate others being open and honest with you, your vulnerability and willingness to share your feelings and thoughts will be received positively.</li><li>Professional development: it's only by taking risks and daring to expose our work and ideas to external criticism that we can improve ourselves. If you practice only what you know you're <warningtag>good at, you of course avoid the risk of failure, but you also miss out on a potential new experience. </warningtag></li></ul>

Embracing the idea of being vulnerable

If you ignore your vulnerability, or you're simply unaware of it, you might end up increasing it. As one study demonstrated, people who believed themselves to be invulnerable to the persuasive power of advertising were, in fact, the most susceptible to it; participants claiming to be unaffected by commercials responded more to them than those who acknowledged their own suggestibility.

When we ignore our vulnerability

As adults, we realize that to live with courage, purpose, and connection…we must again be vulnerable. We must take off the armor, put down the weapons, show up, and let ourselves be seen.

In order to remove our armor and put down our weapons, it’s necessary to identify how we are masking our shame and protecting our vulnerabilities. The three major shields that we use to protect ourselves:<ul><li>Foreboding Joy (Imagining dreadful outcomes that clamp down on momentary joy)</li><li>Perfectionism (Believing that doing everything perfectly protects us from shame)</li><li>Numbing (Embracing anything that deadens the pain of discomfort and shame)</li></ul>The powerful disarming strategies for freeing ourselves of these masks:<ul><li>Worthiness (I am enough)</li><li>Boundaries (I’ve had enough)</li><li>Engagement (I’m taking risks and let<warningtag>ting myself be seen).</warningtag></li></ul>

Unmasking vulnerability

Talking about our feelings of shame and naming them often diminishes their power. In fact, verbalizing our shame actually makes us resilient to it.This is because shame gains power through being unspeakable: the less we talk about it, the more control it has over our lives.The problem is that it's natural for us to keep our shame to ourselves. Shame doesn't even require the presence of other people: most of us are likely to be our own worst critics and maintain a stockpile of shame to draw from.

Shame

Leaders in education, work, and society as a whole should combat disengagement by encouraging.Such a culture of worthiness and openness towards vulnerability can combat shame-based problems, and if we learn to engage our own vulnerability we can transfer the same values and concepts to our workplaces, schools, and families. vulnerability over shame.

A culture of vulnerability

<ul><li>Shame is the fear of social disconnection; it’s only human, but harmful nonetheless.</li><li>Shame is part of our current culture and it promotes a fear of unworthiness – of never having or being enough.</li></ul>

How does shame work?

How to be vulnerable: Learn to bring more healthy vulnerability to your life.

Daring To Be Vulnerable

How to be vulnerable and embrace imperfection, to live wholeheartedly, and courageously.

The #1 New York Times bestseller. More than 2 million copies sold! Look for Brené Brown’s new podcast, Dare to Lead, as well as her ongoing podcast Unlocking Us! From thought leader Brené Brown, a transformative new vision for the way we lead, love, work, parent, and educate that teaches us the power of vulnerability. “It is not the critic who counts; not the man who points out how the strong man stumbles, or where the doer of deeds could have done them better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood; who strives valiantly; . . . who at the best knows in the end the triumph of high achievement, and who at worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly.”—Theodore Roosevelt Every day we experience the uncertainty, risks, and emotional exposure that define what it means to be vulnerable or to dare greatly. Based on twelve years of pioneering research, Brené Brown PhD, MSW, dispels the cultural myth that vulnerability is weakness and argues that it is, in truth, our most accurate measure of courage. Brown explains how vulnerability is both the core of difficult emotions like fear, grief, and disappointment, and the birthplace of love, belonging, joy, empathy, innovation, and creativity. She writes: “When we shut ourselves off from vulnerability, we distance ourselves from the experiences that bring purpose and meaning to our lives.” Daring Greatly is not about winning or losing. It’s about courage. In a world where “never enough” dominates and feeling afraid has become second nature, vulnerability is subversive. Uncomfortable. It’s even a little dangerous at times. And, without question, putting ourselves out there means there’s a far greater risk of getting criticized or feeling hurt. But when we step back and examine our lives, we will find that nothing is as uncomfortable, dangerous, and hurtful as standing on the outside of our lives looking in and wondering what it would be like if we had the courage to step into the arena—whether it’s a new relationship, an important meeting, the creative process, or a difficult family conversation. Daring Greatly is a practice and a powerful new vision for letting ourselves be seen.

leadershipandmanagement

Leadership & Management

**Now on Netflix as The Call to Courage** 'She's so good, Brené Brown, at finding the language to articulate collective feeling' Dolly Alderton Every time we are faced with change, no matter how great or small, we also face risk. We feel uncertain and exposed. We feel vulnerable. Most of us try to fight those feelings - or feel guilt for feeling them in the first place. In a powerful new vision Dr Brené Brown challenges everything we think we know about vulnerability, and dispels the widely accepted myth that it's a weakness. She argues that, in truth, vulnerability is strength and when we shut ourselves off from vulnerability - from revealing our true selves - we distance ourselves from the experiences that bring purpose and meaning to our lives. Daring Greatly is the culmination of 12 years of groundbreaking social research, across every area of our lives including home, relationships, work, and parenting. It is an invitation to be courageous; to show up and let ourselves be seen, even when there are no guarantees. This is vulnerability. This is daring greatly.

Dr. Brené Brown is a research professor at the University of Houston where she holds the Huffington Foundation – Brené Brown Endowed Chair at The Graduate College of Social Work. Brené is also a visiting professor in management at The University of Texas at Austin McCombs School of Business. She has spent the past two decades studying courage, vulnerability, shame, and empathy and is the author of five #1 New York Times bestsellers: The Gifts of Imperfection, Daring Greatly, Rising Strong, Braving the Wilderness, and her latest book, Dare to Lead.Brené hosts the Unlocking Us Podcast and the Dare to Lead Podcast. Her TED talk – The Power of Vulnerability – is one of the top five most viewed TED talks in the world with over 50 million views.

Brené Brown

Daring Greatly

Daring Greatly: How the Courage to Be Vulnerable Transforms the Way We Live

Psychology-related words and phrases tend to creep into our everyday vocabularies. Unfortunately, many of them have been twisted in our minds, and we now use them to refer to the wrong thing—or, in some cases, science has moved on and we’re talking about something woefully outdated. Here are some of the worst offenders from a <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01100/full">review </a> of 50 “psychological and psychiatric terms to avoid,” as identified by authors who study psychology.

I’m sorry (or perhaps pleased?) to report that brainwashing is not, in fact, a thing. The term <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/true-story-brainwashing-and-how-it-shaped-america-180963400/">was used to describe American soldiers in the Korean war </a> who appeared to side with their captors politically, or who confessed to crimes they didn’t commit. Clearly, it seemed, the Koreans must have done something to their minds.

1. Brainwashing doesn’t exist

But that doesn’t mean their brains were altered. After returning home, nearly all renounced the beliefs they had supposedly been brainwashed into believing. And even though the term “brainwashing” has since been used to describe <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-brainwashing-myth-99272">cult members and others </a> , there’s no evidence that any such phenomenon exists. (After the Korean war, the U.S. government <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKUltra">tried really hard to find ways to brainwash people </a> , and ultimately couldn’t do it.)

It turns out that people can be persuaded, and they can be pressured or tortured into saying things they don’t believe. You don’t need a sinister psychological phenomenon to explain that.

Antidepressants are real, and they are often useful in the treatment of depression. But as the authors of the psychological terms review point out, the drugs we call “antidepressants” are at least as good at treating other things besides depression. These classes of drugs, like tricyclics and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, are also used for panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and bulimia nervosa. They are also not universally effective against depression; it depends on the person and the severity of depression.

2. Antidepressants aren’t just for depression

Studies on brain function are often described by saying that an area of the brain “lights up” when doing a task or experiencing some particular situation. But that’s a description based on how brain scans look when they’re published, not what actually happens in the brain.

3. Brain areas don’t “light up”

The bright colors we see on fMRI scans are added afterward, as a way of color-coding what’s going on in different areas of the brain. And they refer to <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/brain-metrics/what_does_fmri_measure/">the amount of blood that is flowing </a> through the supposedly “lit up” areas of the brain, not to whether neurons in those areas are firing or what exactly is happening as a result. Sometimes they may even indicate that something in the brain is being inhibited rather than activated.

The description that certain abilities or personality traits are “hard-wired” is borrowed from the computer world. Hardware refers to circuit boards and such, and the way that they were manufactured is how they will stay; and we use the term software to describe programs that run on that hardware, and software can be changed at any time.

4. Your personality traits are hard-wired

Certain functions of the brain have been described as hard-wired, meaning that they are permanent features of how our brains work. But this isn’t true unless you’re talking about very basic functions, like the circuits that keep us breathing. Just about everything our brains can do is <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/driven-distraction/201401/your-brain-is-not-the-hard-wired-machine-you-think-it-is">subject to change over time </a> , as we learn and gain new experiences.

Hypnosis is real, in the sense that one person can make another person (or themselves) more open to suggestion. But that doesn’t mean that the person being hypnotized is in a “trance state” that is different than normal consciousness. Being hypnotized <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/think-well/201301/the-truth-about-hypnosis">just means that you are highly focused </a> , while also being relaxed and a bit more suggestible than usual.

. Hypnotic trances aren’t real

There is no set of physical or even behavioral characteristics that would let you say whether somebody is in a “hypnotic trance” versus just being interested in playing along with the person they’re talking to.

“Lie detectors” do no such thing. They cannot tell you whether a person is lying, only whether they are nervous. And if you think that anyone might be nervous while hooked up to a machine and peppered with personal questions, well, then you get why so-called lie detectors are useless.

6. Lie detectors don’t work

Lie detectors have high false positive rates (when you’re nervous but you’re not lying) but they also have high false negative rates. You can easily <a href="https://lifehacker.com/how-to-cheat-on-a-lie-detector-test-1819793069">game the system </a> by, say, biting your tongue when you answer certain questions, or thinking about exciting or calming things when you want to alter your response.

Oxytocin has often been described as a “love molecule” because it’s been associated with social bonding. When you look at your adorable child or puppy, oxytocin is probably sending signals in your brain and body to coordinate that “awwww” reaction. But it does a lot of other things, besides. Oxytocin coordinates the uterine contractions that are involved in giving birth, and it does that so effectively that when obstetricians want to start or speed up labor, they <a href="https://www.rxlist.com/pitocin-drug.htm">hook you up to an IV bag of it </a> . It also has roles to play with other body parts, including the kidneys, heart, and testes.

7. Oxytocin isn’t a “love molecule”

Even when we’re considering how the hormone makes us feel socially, it’s not all love and cuddles. In some experiments, it causes people to be more suspicious of those we see as different from us. It may also make us pay more attention to both positive and negative social cues, increasing feelings of fear in some cases. Not really what you would expect from a “love hormone.”

Multiple personality disorder has not been considered a legit psychiatric diagnosis since 1994, but it’s an idea that persists in pop culture. The closest thing is what’s known as <a href="https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Dissociative-Disorders">dissociative identity disorder </a> , characterized by a sense of detachment from your own emotions. The idea that a person can “split” their personalities, with each being unaware of the others, was popularized by the 1973 book (and later movie) Sybil . The book was supposedly based on a true story, but the woman it was based on <a href="https://www.npr.org/2011/10/20/141514464/real-sybil-admits-multiple-personalities-were-fake">has said that the multiple personalities were not real </a> .

8. “Multiple personalities” is just for movies now

People often refer to skills as having a learning curve. The idea is that you learn more about a subject as you spend more time working on it, and that the experience can be described <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_curve">in terms of a graph </a> with time along the bottom, and your proficiency on the y-axis.

. We’re all using “steep learning curve” wrong

But we misuse the term when we describe a difficult subject as having a “steep learning curve.” If the line on the graph immediately shoots up, we might imagine ourselves climbing a mountain to reach proficiency. But a steep upslope means that we are gaining a lot of proficiency in a short amount of time. This would describe a subject that is easy to learn.

Now that you know brainwashing isn’t real, I have another shocker for you—truth serums aren’t, either. Drugs like sodium pentothal have been used in attempts to make people tell the truth under interrogation or other contexts. (“Sybil” of multiple personality fame did her therapy sessions under its influence.) But it turns out that so-called truth serum drugs don’t make people tell the truth, they just make people more likely to talk . What they say may be true, or it may be a lie.

10. Truth serum doesn’t exist

And in fact, research has <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/is-there-such-a-thing-as-truth-serum-2014-10">suggested </a> that these drugs increase the risks of the person communicating false memories and false confessions.

10 Psychology Terms You're Misusing, According to Psychologists

Truth serums aren't real, almost nothing is hard-wired, and you've got oxytocin all wrong.

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

11 Psychology Terms You're Misusing, According to Psychologists

There are many students in class who study the same thing, understand the same concept and later write the same concept in the exams but what is the use of this,it's like just a memory or rote learning

Why Asking Questions is Good

Learning is the process in which you produce some ideas which was not asked by any other person ever born,you should be knowing the application of the things being taught in real life and thus implementation is these ideas in real life is what makes these concepts in our brain stronger

Maximizing Learning Impact

Don't believe in any law said by any scientist instead try to find some faults in that law,or try to find some exceptions in the law or see where is this law useful and where it is not. It is not always that the law or theory given by any scientist is correct,these were once hypothesis /assumptions and thus can be wrong or right. Asking questions is what makes our mind work extra which others in the current world are not doing. The summation of these extra thinkings is what makes some people cope with difficulties of life while the others can't although they studied the same amount.

Question Everything 

The first step is that act as you have no knowledge about the topic,then understand what the theory or law given is telling us and now start imagining it in real life and now start thinking about other factors which can fail this law. Try to interrelate one law with the other and see if the two laws still holds true . Ask more doubts to teachers and try to extract as much knowledge form the teacher as you can. Go very deep in the topic until you finally reach the atomic or cellular level of that thing. "Learning is not knowing things, learning is having doubts that no one had before "

How To Increase Your Questioning Ability 

Learning the right way and not being satisfied till you get the satisfactory answer is knowledge

philosophy

Philosophy

education

Learning & Education

Why Should You Ask Questions?

<ul><li>When you’re in a bad mood, it can feel like the weight of the world is on your shoulders. Everything seems ten times harder and nothing seems to go your way. It’s hard to enjoy the simple things in life when you’re feeling down in the dumps.</li><li>Your bad mood can also affect those around you. If you’re constantly complaining and snapping at people, it’s only natural that they would start to distance themselves from you.</li><li>But it’s not just our social life that suffers when we’re in a bad mood. Our physical health does as well. When we’re stressed or unhappy, our body goes into fight-or-flight mode.</li></ul>

How Does Our Mood Affect Our Life?

<ul><li>Watch a funny movie or TV show.</li><li>Play with a pet. There's something about the unconditional love of an animal that can cheer you.</li><li>Make yourself a feel-good playlist of your favorite upbeat songs and listen to it whenever you need a pick-me-up. Or listen to a Podcast. </li><li>Read a good book.</li><li>Meditate. A simple 10-minute session may be enough to reset your mind quickly.</li><li>Taking deep breaths is a simple yet effective way to instantly relax and improve your mood. </li><li>Making a gratitude list of the things and people who make your life happy can relieve you of negative thoughts.</li><li>Drink herbal tea. Chamomile an<warningtag>d lavender tea are especially good for relaxation.</warningtag></li><li><warningtag>Fix yourself a pretty meal.</warningtag></li><li><warningtag>Make sure you are getting at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep every night.</warningtag></li></ul>

Get Yourself in a Happy Mood: Indoors Activities

<ul><li>Hang out with friends. Surrounding yourself with positive people is a great way to improve your mood. </li><li>Take a walk around the block or sit in the park and people-watch. </li><li>Exercise. Endorphins are released when you exercise which can lead to an improved mood.</li><li>Connect with nature. There's something about nature that has a calming effect on the soul.</li><li>Volunteer.  Giving back to the community can make you feel good and improve your mood.</li><li>Go to a coffee shop. Grab some coffee, tea, or hot cocoa, take a seat, and people-watch. Many coffee shops often play some cool music and have comfy chairs to relax<warningtag> in.</warningtag></li><li><warningtag>If you have access to a beach, take advantage of it! The sound of the waves, seagulls, and the smell of salt water will be invigorating.</warningtag></li></ul>

Get Yourself in a Happy Mood: Outdoors Activities

<ul><li>Spending time with loved ones is a great way to lift your spirits. If you can't be with them in person, give them a call or video chat.</li><li>Plan a vacation. Sometimes all you need is a change of scenery. If you can't take a vacation right away, start planning one for the future.</li><li>Go on a picnic. Whether you go to a nearby park or your own backyard, pack a picnic basket full of your favorite snacks and enjoy the outdoors.</li><li>Look at old photos. Life can get hectic and stressful. Sometimes it's nice to take a walk down memory lane and look at old photos</li><li>Have a water balloon fight. No water gun – no problem. <warningtag>Take some leftover balloons and have a balloon fight instead. </warningtag></li><li><warningtag>Go for a ride. Something as simple as getting in your car and going for a ride can help improve your mood. </warningtag></li></ul>

Get Yourself in a Happy Mood: Family Activities

Small things  you can do every day to quickly put yourself in a mood. 

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Mood Boosters: Put Yourself in a Happy Mood 

Get yourself in a happy mood: Simple and quick ways to cheer yourself up

In this post, we have listed a few tips to help you get into a good mood when your feeling down. Read on...

Quick Ways to Get Yourself in a Happy Mood

Activities to Get Yourself in a Happy Mood

Snoozing is breaking a promise with yourself. When you set that alarm for 6:00 AM, you were committing to getting up then. By snoozing, you broke the commitment, which means your self-esteem is going to take a hit. Not a great way to start your day off.On the other hand, when you actually get out of bed when your alarm goes off, you’re giving yourself a hit of mood-boosting self-efficacy—you’re proving to yourself that you’re the kind of person who does what they say they will. And that feels good!

Stop snoozing

Exercising first thing in the morning improves your mood by boosting self-esteem and confidence. And even a small amount of exercise can give you a healthy mood boost.Try to commit to one of the following tiny morning exercises every day for a couple of weeks:<ul><li>Do as many pushups as you can in 3 minutes.</li><li>Go for a brisk 10-minute walk around your neighborhood.</li><li>Alternate pushups and sit-ups for 2 minutes.</li><li>Do a couple of sets of lunges.</li><li>Try a wall sit.</li></ul>

Get a (very) quick morning workout in

We are social to our core. You can leverage this fact of biology to improve your mood by taking a little time to make a small positive connection with another human being throughout your day.So, the next time you’re in line at Starbucks waiting for your coffee, put down your phone and look up:<ul><li>Ask the guy in front of you what he thinks of the new furniture layout.</li><li>Smile compassionately at the new mom trying to wrangle three young kids out the door and into the minivan.</li><li>Ask your barista how her day is going with genuine interest.</li></ul>

Ask your barista how their day is going

Our work environment is full of cues for stress: a reminder about that uncomfortable email you have to send to your direct report, walking by your boss’s office, or even just hearing your phone ring for the twelfth time in an hour. All these little cues add up and can take a toll on your mood.You can give yourself a major break from all these negative cues and allow your mood to rise by taking your lunch to go and going for a walk for 15 or 30 minutes. Not only does it get you moving, but you get exposed to all sorts of new, non-work-related environmental cues which can positively impact your <warningtag>mood.</warningtag>

Do a walking lunch

Single-tasking is the ultimate form of relaxation. If you want to feel genuinely relaxed and calm, give your mind a break and do just one thing, like listening to good music.

Take a mindful music break

We tend to feel better when we get outside our own heads and do something for others. But being kind and generous to other people doesn’t have to be a monumental act of charity and self-sacrifice. It can be quite small and still meaningful.Try this:<ul><li>Make a list of 5-10 people whom you love and care about.</li><li>Set a recurring daily reminder on your phone for any time you like.</li><li>When the reminder goes off each day, take 30 seconds and text the first person on your list. Could be anything from a heartfelt message of love or admiration to a silly gif.</li><li>Work your way down the list, texting a new person on th<warningtag>e list each day.</warningtag></li></ul>

Text someone you love for no reason

Worry is often your mind’s way of making sure you don’t forget important things. If you want to stop worrying, prove to your mind that you can be trusted to manage your own to-dos.Tomorrow’s top 3 is a little habit for staying focused on and taking care of the most important things—and as a result, drastically cutting down on the amount of worry-as-memory-aid your mind needs to perform:<ul><li>At the end of your workday, set aside 5 minutes after you’ve finished up work but before you leave.</li><li>Take out an index card or sticky note and put it front and center on your desk, workspace, or wherever you beg<warningtag>in your workday.</warningtag></li><li><warningtag>Write down the three most important things you’d like to get done the following day.</warningtag></li></ul>

Jot down tomorrow’s top 3

One of the best ways to avoid having work stress spill over into your evenings at home is to create more of a transition between work and home.In order to transition into a more restful evening mode, it can be helpful to have a period of time in between when you give your mind a break.Commutes to and from work are natural transitions, but more often than not we keep our minds revved up by listening to radio or podcasts or on phone calls. But, if you commit to silence on your way home from work, you can give your mind a much needed period of rest and respite from the constant barrage of mental<warningtag> stimuli it gets all day.</warningtag>

Do a quiet commute

If you want to be overwhelmed with tragedy, anger, and despair over the state of the world, by all means, keep watching the news in the evening. Or you could read something uplifting instead.

Cut the news and read a story

An evening review means you take a few minutes to pause and reflect on your day. This can take whatever form you like—journaling, meditation, prayer, etc.Reviewing your day gives your perspective on your day. And when we have perspective on our days, we have perspective on our lives.

Do an evening review

Simple tips that you can do any time to help reduce stress and put yourself in a happy mood.

If you want to quickly put yourself in a good mood, these 10 simple tips you can do any time will help reduce stress and lift your mood.

10 Easy Ways to Put Yourself in a Good Mood Quickly

Easy Ways to Put Yourself in a Happy Mood Quickly

<ul><li>“<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology">Psychology</a> is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour of humans and animals.”</li><li>Nothing is Certain: We can never be certain about the future. Just because something’s always happened in the past doesn’t mean it will definitely happen in the future. </li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associationism#:~:text=Associationism%20is%20the%20idea%20that,of%20sensations%20or%20simple%20feelings.">Associationism</a>: We assume “cause and effect” associations through experiencing pairs of events, e.g. one billiard ball hitting another. </li></ul>

Introducing Psychology

<ul><li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id,_ego_and_super-ego">Id</a> is inborn and It operates by The Pleasure Principle– the baby seeks pleasure and avoids the unpleasurable. The Id typically wants immediate gratification. </li><li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id,_ego_and_super-ego">Ego</a> operates by The Reality Principle— To survive, we must sometimes be realistic and plan for the future.</li><li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id,_ego_and_super-ego">Superego</a> (influenced by parents) is the “conscience” or “moral watchdog” that stops us from doing wrong, especially in the sense of being anti- social.</li></ul>

The Id, Ego and Superego 

<ol><li>The Law of Exercise– repetition strengthens learning. (Or, “Practice makes perfect”.) Learning by repetition is called Rote Learning or “Parrot Fashion”.</li><li>The Law of Effect– the effect of reward is to strengthen learning. (Or, “If it’s pleasurable, it will be repeated”.).</li></ol>It’s found reward (law 2) to be more effective than mere repetition (law 1). <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aversion_therapy">Aversion Therapy</a> is replacing “nice” with “nasty”.</li></ul>Ex: to stop habits such as smoking or alcoholism…

Learning Laws 

<ul><li>“<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychodynamics">Psychodynamic</a>” means “active mind” - There is mental struggle– especially in the hidden unconscious mind. </li><li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libido">Libido</a>- “sex drive” is the ENERGY we have that motivates and enables us to survive– sexual activity is one manifestation. </li><li>Intelligence is adapting quickly. </li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionism">Reductionism</a>: Reduce propositions to simple facts.</li></ul>

The Psychodynamic Perspective 

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection">Natural Selection</a> comes in two parts.<ol><li>First, changes can occur from one generation to the next. This is now known to be random “mutations” in the genes.</li><li>Second, there is the meaning of “Selection”: Changes that are beneficial give the new individual a better chance to survive.</li></ol>Where animals fit into the environment in this way is called Survival of the fittest.

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution 

<ul><li>……<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_mechanism">These</a> are ways to unconsciously protect ourselves from unpleasant ideas. In small doses, they help everyday survival.</li><li>It’s natural to seek situations that give comfort, especially when under stress. Sucking a finger, thumb, pencil, sweet, cigarette, drink etc, is Oral Regression. However, over- use causes problems.</li></ul>

The Defence Mechanisms 

…..Because,<ul><li>It causes the individual to AVOID BEING PUNISHED rather than stop the undesired behavior. ex: a person avoids getting caught etc..</li><li>It can cause the individual to associate the punishment with the PUNISHER, rather than the BEHAVIOUR. </li><li>It may train an individual about what NOT to do, but it doesn’t train WHAT to do. </li></ul>

Why Punishment is Often Ineffective ?

<ul><li>It’s found that the optimum period between response and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement">reinforcement </a>is about half a second, i.e. almost immediately. This is very important. For example, if a parent wants to reward or punish a child, then to be effective it should be done straight away. </li><li>It’s better to use a combination of reward (<a href="https://psychology.fandom.com/wiki/Positive_reinforcement">Positive Reinforcement</a>) and withdrawal of reward (Non- Reinforcement). </li></ul>

How To Reward Or Punish Someone?

<ul><li>“<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition">Cognitive</a>” basically means “Thinking”– perceiving, memory, language, problem- solving, and so on. </li><li>The mind is ACTIVE and constantly looking for MEANINGS. They especially studied this in relation to visual perception, e.g. recognizing a human face. </li><li>Principles of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception">Perception</a>: Perception involves both the sense organs (e.g. seeing) and the brain (thinking). </li><li>When we perceive an object, we experience the WHOLE EFFECT or PATTERN– not just a collection of separate sensations. </li></ul>

The Cognitive Perspective 

<ol><li>Proximity– because the dots are close together, they are perceived together as a line.</li><li>Continuity– we tend to perceive two lines crossing rather than two V- shapes.</li><li>Similarity– vertical columns are perceived rather than horizontal rows.</li><li>Closure– missing parts are assumed to be hidden or accidental.</li><li>Pragnanz- A sense of “goodness” or “rightness” is often experienced when objects are symmetrical, simple, stable…</li><li>Figure/ Ground Illusions- We tend to perceive some items in the foreground and others in the background.</li></ol>

WHOLE EFFECT or PATTERN

Examines the history of psychology; describes the main schools of thought; and introduces such key figures as Freud, Skinner, and Piaget.

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