Mindsets drive what leaders do and why they do it. Two different leaders might face the same situation but respond to it very differently. One leader might see the case as threatening, whereas the other leader might see it as an opportunity.

Mindsets in leaders

A growth mindset is a belief that anyone can change their talents, abilities, and intelligence. Those with a growth mindset:<ul><li>take on challenges</li><li>take advantage of feedback</li><li>use the most effective problem-solving strategies</li><li>provide developmental feedback</li><li>is persistent in accomplishing goals</li></ul>Conversely, those with a fixed mindset believe that talents, abilities and intelligence can't be improved.

Growth and Fixed Mindsets

Leaders with a learning mindset are motivated to increase their competence and master something new.
A performance mindset desires to gain favorable judgments about competence and avoid negative judgements.

Learning and Performance Mindsets

<ul><li>Leaders with a deliberative mindset are open to all kinds of information to ensure they think and act as best as possible.</li><li>Leaders with an implemental mindset focus on implementing decisions without considering new or different ideas.</li></ul>

Deliberative and Implemental Mindsets

<ul><li>Leaders with a promotion mindset identify a specific goal and are focused on progress toward the destination.</li><li>Leaders with a prevention mindset are focused on avoiding losses and preventing problems.</li></ul>

Promotion and Prevention Mindsets

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<h4>Executive Summary</h4>
If organizations want their investment in leadership development to more fully pay off, it is essential that they prioritize mindset development - specifically by targeting growth, learning, deliberative, and promotion leader mindsets. As mindsets shift and develop, leaders' thinking, learning, and behaviors will naturally improve because they are seeing an interpreting their situations more effectively. The consequence of improving their thinking, learning, and behavior will be enhanced effectiveness and success.
<figure> <img src="https://hbr.org/resources/images/article_assets/2020/01/Jan20_17_1171308111.jpg"><figcaption> Rick Gayle Studio/Getty Images </figcaption></figure>
Organizations worldwide spend roughly <a href="https://hbr.org/2016/10/why-leadership-training-fails-and-what-to-do-about-it">$356 billion</a> on leadership development efforts. Yet, the BrandonHall Group, a human capital research and analyst firm that <a href="http://www.skillsoft.com/assets/research/research_bhg_leadership_development_programs.pdf">surveyed 329 organizations in 2013</a>, found that 75% of the organizations rated their leadership development programs as not very effective. Why aren't companies getting more bang for their leadership development buck? <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1048984318308385">Our latest research</a> suggests it's likely because most leadership development efforts overlook a specific attribute that is foundational to how leaders think, learn, and behave: their mindsets.
Mindsets are leaders' mental lenses that dictate what information they take in and use to make sense of and navigate the situations they encounter. Simply, mindsets drive what leaders do and why. For example, they explain why two different leaders might encounter the same situation (e.g., a subordinate disagreement) and process and respond to it very differently. One leader might see the situation as a threat that hinders their authority; another as an opportunity to learn and further develop. When leadership development efforts ignore mindsets, they ignore how leaders see and interpret problems and opportunities like this one.
You may wonder: if mindsets are so important, which ones should you help your leaders develop? In our recent work, we broadly scoured research across the social sciences to understand the various mindsets that individuals may possess. In doing so, we identified four distinct sets of mindsets that have been found to affect leaders' ability to engage with others, navigate change more successfully, and perform in their leadership roles more effectively.
Growth and Fixed Mindsets. A growth mindset is a belief that people, including oneself, can change their talents, abilities, and intelligence. Conversely, those with a fixed mindset do not believe that people can change their talents abilities and intelligence. Decades of <a href="https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/handbook-of-theories-of-social-psychology/book233017">research</a> have found that those with a growth mindset are more mentally primed to approach and take on challenges, take advantage of feedback, adopt the most effective problem-solving strategies, provide developmental feedback to subordinates, and be effortful and persistent in seeking to accomplish goals.
Learning and Performance Mindsets. A <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3333283">learning mindset</a> involves being motivated toward increasing one's competence and mastering something new. A performance mindset involves being motivated toward gaining favorable judgements (or avoiding negative judgements) about one's competence. Leaders with a learning mindset, compared to those with a performance mindset, are more mentally primed to increase their competence, engage in deep-level learning strategies, seek out feedback, and exert more of an effort. They are also persistent, adaptable, willing to cooperate, and tend to perform at a higher level.
Deliberative and Implemental Mindsets. Leaders with a deliberative mindset have a heightened receptiveness to all kinds of information as a way to ensure that they think and act as optimally as possible. Leaders with an implemental mindset, as the name suggests, are more focused on implementing decisions, which closes them off to new and different ideas and information. Comparing <a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d7d1/8d5869ac4ba686978636945b3f1363a00c61.pdf">the two</a>, leaders with deliberative mindsets tend to make better decisions because they are more impartial, more accurate, and less biased in their processing and decision making.
Promotion and Prevention Mindsets. Leaders with a promotion mindset are focused on winning and gains. They identify a specific purpose, goal, or destination and prioritize making progress toward it. Leaders with a prevention mindset, however, are focused on avoiding losses and preventing problems at all costs. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223981518_Regulatory_Focus_and_Work-Related_Outcomes_A_Review_and_Meta-Analysis">Research</a> has <a href="https://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/annals.2017.0134">found</a> that those with a promotion mindset are more prone to positive thinking, more open to change, more likely to persist despite challenges and setbacks, and demonstrate higher levels of task performance and innovative behaviors compared to leaders with a prevention mindset.
Once you have a better understanding of these mindsets, you can tailor your leadership training programs to unlock most effective ones in your managers. A great example of an organization that leveraged the power of mindsets in this way is Microsoft. From 2001-2014, Microsoft's <a href="https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/MSFT/microsoft/market-cap">market capitalization and stock price</a> largely stayed the same. But, in 2014, when Satya Nadella took over, he made it his mission to revamp the leadership and the culture at Microsoft. In his book, <a href="https://news.microsoft.com/hitrefresh/">Hit Refresh</a>, Nadella explains that mindsets- particularly growth mindsets- were his primary focus when revamping Microsoft. With this leadership, the company's market capitalization and stock price has more than tripled.
This is just one example that shows that if organizations want their investment in leadership development to more fully pay off, it is essential that they prioritize mindset development - specifically by targeting growth, learning, deliberative, and promotion mindsets. As leaders cultivate each, their thinking, learning, and behaviors will naturally improve because they are seeing and interpreting their situations more effectively.
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Executive Summary If organizations want their investment in leadership development to more fully pay off, it is essential that they prioritize mindset development - specifically by targeting growth, learning, deliberative, and promotion leader mindsets. As mindsets shift and develop, leaders' thinking, learning, and behaviors will naturally improve because they are seeing an interpreting their situations more effectively.

To Be a Great Leader, You Need the Right Mindset

Mindsets in leaders

Growth and Fixed Mindsets

Learning and Performance Mindsets

Deliberative and Implemental Mindsets

Promotion and Prevention Mindsets

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