Learnsters 's Key Ideas from Hooked - How to Build Habit-Forming Products
by Nir Eyal

• User habits are good for business because they create unprompted user engagement.
• Companies can determine their product’s habit-forming potential by plotting two factors: frequency and perceived utility.
• Frequency is the level of engagement while the perceived utility is the benefit to the user
• To come up with a real game-changing product your product should be in the shaded portion of the graph
• Either be highly frequent like google or highly value-adding like amazon

• A trigger is what starts a behaviour. It is the spark in the engine.  There are two types of triggers: external and internal.
• External triggers exist as part of the environment. They include phone apps, emails, photographs, etc. Internal triggers are mental and come from within the mind.

“Habit forming technologies start changing behavior by first cueing users by a call to action.”

External triggers communicate the next action that a user should take.

For example:

Many e-commerce websites feature prominent buttons asking users to Buy Now or Subscribe.

Types of external triggers:

• Paid triggers. These include advertisements, search engine marketing, and other paid channels
• Earned triggers. These include store placements and honourable mentions
• Relationship triggers. Examples of relationship triggers include Facebook likes and recommendations by friends
• Owned triggers. These take up a piece of real estate in a user’s life. They include things like apps and opt-in newsletters

“Internal triggers tell the user what to do next through associations stored in the user’s memory.”

• Emotions, particularly negative emotions, are powerful internal triggers.
• Fear, Greed, lust are some of them

Action follows the trigger phase.

“The trigger, driven by internal and external cues, informs the user of what to do next.”

Ingredients that are needed to initiate any and all behaviours:

1. Sufficient motivation
2. Ability to complete the desired action
3. Presence of the trigger

In other words, B = MAT (Motivation, Ability and Trigger).

Humans are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain. To seek hope and avoid fear and to seek social acceptance and avoid rejection.

To create a truly innovative product:

1. Understand the reason why people use a product or service
2. Layout the steps that the customer must take to get the job done
3. Remove steps until you reach the simplest possible process

• To increase the likelihood that an action will occur, product designers should focus on simplicity. Designers can also use heuristics to influence user behaviour.

Elements of simplicity:

• Time. An indication of how long it takes to complete an action
• Money. The fiscal cost of doing something
• Physical effort. The amount of labour required to take action
• Brain cycles. The amount of brainpower needed to complete an action
• Social deviance. The acceptability of a particular action
• Non-routine. How much the action disrupts existing routines

• Rewards are unpredictable in the timing and size of reward.
• Variable rewards drive more user activity than fixed rewards. Companies that offer a chance at variable rewards such as Facebook, Pinterest, and Twitter get more users hooked to their products.

“Experiences with finite variability become increasingly predictable with use and lose their appeal over time. Experiences that maintain user interest by sustaining variability with use exhibit infinite variability.”

Types of variable rewards:

• Tribe. Rewards of the tribe are driven by our social connections to others
• Hunt. Pursuing material things and resources is rewarding in itself
• Self. Humans have intrinsic motivation to better themselves and gain competency

• Variable rewards can lead to compulsive behaviour on the part of the user. There is email addiction, social media addiction, and even addiction to news cycles. This form of addiction happens because with variable rewards you never know what you are going to get.
• Only by understanding what truly matters to users can companies create the right variable rewards.

For example:

Quora, the answer and question forum triumphed over Mohalo, a similar site, because Quora did not offer monetary rewards.

“Before users create the mental associations that activate their automatic behaviors, they must first invest in the product.”

• Escalation of commitment:  Once you commit to doing something (invest your time and money), you are likely to commit more over time.
• IKEA effect: People are likely to overvalue their efforts. You see what you have achieved as being more valuable compared to what others have done.

• People seek to be consistent with past behaviours and also seek to avoid cognitive dissonance.
• Cognitive dissonance: Holding contradictory beliefs and attitudes that result in psychological stress when challenged. Humans generally seek to avoid cognitive dissonance.

Forms of investment in digital products include:

• Following. Facebook and Twitter allow users to follow others
• Posting. Users can create content on social media that they see as forms of investment
• Reputation. Likes and other forms of acknowledgement make users feel the need to continue using a service or product
• Skill. On some sites, users acquire valuable skills that make it easier for them to use the service or product

• Companies should create the goal of making users invest as part of the engagement with their product or service. That way, they will be more likely to come back.

“Investments increase the likelihood of users returning by improving the service the more it is used. They enable the accrual of stored value in the form of content, data, followers, reputation or skill.”

To build effective hooks:

1. Look for internal triggers. Ask yourself what pain is the product relieving
2. Find the external trigger. Ask yourself what brings users to your service
3. Simplify. Make it as easy as possible for the user to act
4. Create a variable reward. Variable rewards leave users wanting more
5. Create investment opportunities for the user. Do users store value as they use your product?

With the Hook Model, it is easy to manipulate users. The maker of a product needs to ask two questions: 

• would I use the product myself?
• will the product help users materially and improve their lives?

The manipulation matrix: Has four quadrants that show the different types of creators: the peddler, the facilitator, the dealer, and the entertainer.

1. The facilitator. The facilitator helps users create healthy habits
2. The peddler.  Peddlers rely heavily on advertisements and create products that users rarely want
3. The entertainer. Creates a product that they cannot in good conscience claim that the user wants
4. The dealer. Dealers create products that they personally cannot use because they are often manipulative and exploitative